Para. 1
I. 3 questions: Have you ever considered…
Has it ever occurred to you…
Has it ever dawned on you…
In Chinese, the subject is usually a personalpronoun, whereas in English, the anticipatory “it” is used. Two other wordsoften used in this pattern are “ strike” and “ dawn”.
Sentence pattern:
It occurs to sb. to-inf/ that…/ sth occurs to sb 想到 to come into one’s mind
e.g. It never occurred to me thatwealth could ruin a person’s life. 我从来没有想到财富能毁灭一个人的一生。
It suddenlyoccurred to him that he had not touched any meat for months. 他突然想到他有好几个月没有碰肉了。
An idea hasoccurred to me. 我有主意了。
It dawns on sb.that …/ sth. dawns on sb. 明白to begin to appear; grow clear to the mind
e.g. It suddenly dawned on me thathe had been lying. 最后我才明白他一直在撒谎。
The truth beganto dawn on him. 他开始弄明白真相。
It strikes sb. that/how/as… have an effect on sb; impress sb 觉得
e.g. The plan strikes me asridiculous. 我觉得这个计划荒谬可笑。
2.other school personnel
The word “personnel” is plural. Wenever say “ a personnel”.
3. maturity：adultness 反义：immaturity
1. developmental changes
developmental: having to do with the growth of a child; growing 发展的； 生长的；伴随发育的
developmental stages 生长（发育）阶段
This is a psychological term whichrefers to the physiological and behavioral changes throughout one’s life.
4. from adolescence to young adulthood
The term “adolescence” began as aWestern concept, meaning the period between childhood and adulthood. Thispassage to adulthood is often marked by a number of small changes in statusduring or near the end of adolescence. Graduation from high school, the rightto vote, to drink liquor, and to drive a car are all events that, to somedegree, signify adult status. But the main changes are psychological as well asphysical. It is usually fraught with anxiety and conflict.
Adolescence:the time, usually between the ages of 13 to 19, when a young person isdeveloping into an adult.
Adolescent:a person aged 13 to 19, the informal word is teenager.
Adults (formal)----- Growns-ups ( informal)
Para.2
1. Question: How do collegestudents go through an identity crisis at college? What factors may influenceidentity?
Studentsendeavor to find out who they are and what their strengths and weaknesses are.They want to know how other people perceive themselves as well.
Identitymay be influenced by genes, environment and opportunities.
2. Question: Can youfind the definition of “identity” in this para.?
how people perceive themselves and how otherpeoople perceive them.
3. Explain “identity crisis” 性格认同危机；自我认同危机
It refers to the difficulties,confusions and anxieties that you go through during adolescence when you arenot sure who you really are and what your purpose in life is.
4. Paraphrase: …idnetity is determined by genetic endowment ( what isinherited from parents), shaped by environment, and influenced by chanceevents.
Whom we are is determined by threethings: First, our genes, or what our parents have given us, our legacy:second, environment, and third, luck or opportunities.
Chance: accidental 偶然的
v Studies serve for delight, forornament, and for ability.
读书可以怡情，可以博彩，可以长才。
v …and that government of thepeople, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
使我们这个民有、民治、民享的政府永存于世。
5. go through
gothrough
1) to bepassed or approved
The Bill did not go through.
2) to beconcluded
The deal did not go through.
3) todiscuss in detail
Let’s go through the arguments again.
4) tosearch
The police went through the pockets of the suspected thief.
5) tocomplete
Let’s go through the exercises.
6) toundergo; suffer
He seemed to have forgotten all that he had gone through.
) toconsume; use up
It did not take Albert very long to go through his inheritance.
8) tocontinue firmly to the end
Knowing full well the difficulties the work involved, they were stilldetermined to go through with it.
6. endeavor: to try very hard 同义：attempt
7. perceive：per (totally,entirely) + ceive (take, seize)
to understand or think of sth. in aparticular way 理解或领悟某事物；认为
e.g. Musicians can perceive small differencesin sounds.
同义：understand；comprehend
Adj. perceivable 可认识的；可理解的
辨析：conceive 设想 imagine； deceive: 欺骗 cheat； receive：收到 get or accept
8.encyclopedia n. a book or set of books containing facts on manydifferent subjects or one particular subject
an encyclopedia of agriculture 农业百科全书
adj. Encyclopedic 百科全书的；学识渊博的
9. endowment：1) money, property,etc given to provide an income 捐助的财物等
The Oxford and Cambridge collegeshave numerous endowments. 牛津和剑桥大学有数不清的捐助财物
2）talent; gift
Not everyone is born with suchendowments as you. 并非所有人生来都像你这样有天赋。
10. inherit: to receive (genetic characters) from one’s parents 同义：acquire
e.g. She inherited her mother’s good looks and herfather’s bad temper.
Inheritance:the money, property, etc. that you receive from sb. when they die; the fact ofreceiving sth. when sb. dies
e.g. She spent all her inheritance in a year.
Heritage:the history, traditions and qualities that a country or society has had formany years and that are considered an important part of its character
National/ cultural heritage
Inheritableadj. 可遗传的；可继承的
inheritedadj. 遗传的；继承的
inheritorn. 继承人
Inheritress n. 女继承人
11. in turn: one after another
The girls called out their namesin turn. 那些女孩逐一报出自己的名字。
Para.3-4
1. Are college students totallyindependent from the parents? Why?
No.
They may become financially independent from their parents in pursuing for acollege education. But they have chosen to grow and learn how to beindependent.
2. In fact, it may be heightenedby their choice to pursue a college education.
Question: What does “it” refer tohere?
Forreference: “it” refers to the independence/dependence struggle. Into the lateradolescence stage, young adults tend to become less dependent on, evenindependent from their parents. For those who choose to enter the work world,they may become financially independent from their parents, while for othersentering into college, the struggle seems stronger for they still need theirparents’ support, say for money.
3. Question: According to JefferyA. Hoffman’s observation, there are four distinct aspects to psychologicalseparation from one’s parents. What are they? How do you understand them?
1). Functional independence.
We can handle everyday life situations; we have the ability to solve practicalproblems.
2). Attitudinal independence.
We are able tounderstand and accept parents’ or other people’s different attitudes, values, andbeliefs.
3). Emotional independence.
We don’t needparents to tell us what to do or not do. Sometimes we also want to getemotional support from parents, but we are no longer little babies. We can beOURSELVES.
4). Freedom from “excessive guilt,anxiety, mistrust, responsibility,inhibition, resentment,
and anger in relation to themother and father.”
Children often feelvery guilty, anxious, unhappy, afraid, and angry, but we can calm down andjudge ourselves and others in a reasonable way.
4. It may be heightened by theirchoice to pursue a college education.
If theychoose to continue their education, they will face an even more seriousstruggle between the desire to be independent and the need to depend on thefinancial support of their parents.
5. counsel
He had always beenable to count on her wise counsel. (n. advice fml.)
The prime ministerwas right to counsel caution about military intervention. (v. advise)
The doctor counselsher to take various treatments of cancer.
Singleton’s counselsaid that he would appeal after the trial. (n. lawyer 辩护律师,法律顾问)
6. psychology suffix –ogy- 学科
zoology 动物学 sociology 社会学 biology 生物学 archaeology 考古学
physiology 生理学 geology 地理学 ecology 生态学
7. distinct
a. a. clearly different or belonging to a different type
b.easily seen, understood; plain
Examples:
Silk isdistinct from rayon.
They aresimilar in form but distinct in kind.
There isa distinct improvement in his pronunciation.
He is ata distinct advantage in the competition.
8. involve
Examples:
Allreforms involve certain tasks.包括
Thebuilding of the dam involved relocating almost one million people. 需要
You haveto involve every country in the fight against global warming. 使。。。参与
He wasdeeply involved in the scandal. 陷入
9. capability 强调固有、潜在的能力
n. thenatural ability, skill, or power that makes you able to do sth.
Examples:
He hasthe capabilities of solving/to solve practical problems.
It’squite above his capabilities.
ability指人的智力或体力，可能是先天的，也可能是通过学习或锻炼获得。强调能或不能。
thepower to do sth. well acquired naturally or by learning
capacity强调人的忍耐接受能力或物的容纳能力
abilityto hold, contain, or learn
faculty强调人的官能；做某事物的特殊才能
any ofthe powers of the body or mind; a special ability
He hasthe ability to do the work, but he’s too lazy and won’t do it.
Ourcountry has the capability to defeat any intruder.
Theauditorium has a seating capacity of 300 people.
He has afaculty for painting.
10. handle
v. a. totouch, lift or turn with the hands
b. to operate with the hands
c. to manage, control or cope with
d. to buy and sell
Examples:
This boxcontains delicate china. Please handle with care.
Thiscomputer is easy to handle.
We haveto handle the relationship between our two countries carefully.
Thisshop does not handle imported goods.
11. excessive
a. muchmore than is reasonable or necessary
Examples:
excessiverainfall
excessivecharges
excess n.
anexcess of enthusiasm
That isa city with a population in excess of two million.
12. inhibition
n. (psych.)a feeling of worry or embarrassment thatstops you doing or saying what you really want to
Example:
Wineweakens a person’s inhibitions.
inhibit v. to hinder; to restrain
inhibitsb. from doing sth.
13. independent from/of
notdependent on or controlled by other persons or things
Examples:
If you have a car, you are independent from/of trains and buses.
That’s an objective law independent from/of man’s will.
Cf: Promotion is dependent on/upon one’s recordof success.
14. freedom/free from
nolonger having sth. you do not want
Examples:
The most important freedom our people should have is the freedom fromhunger.
An ideal society is one free from exploitation and oppression.
freedom from taxation
freedom of press/speech
15. in/with relation to
asregards; concerning
Examples:
I have a lot to say in relation to that affair.
The project was outlined with relation to available funds.
16. stand back
1）to standto the rear
The child stood back at the sight of the ferocious dog.
2) todistance oneself mentally in order to understand or judge better
Sometimes an administrator must stand back from day-to-day business tograsp the wider pattern of events.
3) towithdraw or retreat from making discussions, influencing events, etc.
She ran the family and her husband stood back.
These were vital discussions from which he couldn’t afford to stand back.
Para. 5
1. Question: What may be one ofthe most stressful matters college students experience according to the author?How do you understand it?
Establishingtheir sexual identity. It includes relating to the opposite sex and projectingtheir future roles as men or women.
2. Writing Devices
Find outall the words & expressions of contrasting ideas.
Feminine---masculine exciting--- frustrating lower---higher
What is this rhetorical devicecalled?
Antithesis
Antithesis as figure of speechexploits the existence of many “natural” opposites in the vocabularies of alllanguages, in which contrasting ideas are intertionally put in balance phrasesor clauses.
Theseare exciting times yet frustrating times. (5)
Theauthor uses antithesis to give a focus to how college students are stressfulin establishing their sexual identity.
Antithesis:more examples
Probably nothing can make students feel lower or higher emotionally thanthe way they are relating to
whomeverthey are having a romantic relationship with.
“I’ve just had the best day of my life!” … “I’ve just had the worst dayof my life!”
Give me liberty, orgive me death.
3. project v.
a. to plan
b. to cause a shadow, an outline, etc. on asurface
c. to present sb./sth./yourself to otherpeople in a particular way, esp. one that gives a good impression
project a dam/a newcanal
project a pictureon a screen
project the futureroles as men or women
4. nothing… than…(p5):to emphasize how strong or great a particularquality is
There’s nothing better than a good cup of hotcoffee.
5. feel lower:to feel unhappy, without much hope for the future
Para. 6
1.I was relating to my father in adifferent way.
Question: Whatare the differences between the ways “I” related to “my” father in the past andat present? What type of change does the example reflect?
In thepast “I” was encouraged by “my” father; now “I” was encouraging him.
Theexample reflects the change that college students are learning how to give andreceive affection in the adult world.
2. … my father … was seeing hisworld shrink and his options narrow.
Myfather was beginning to reaize that his world was getting smaller and hischoices fewer.
3.affection
n. a gentle feeling of loveand caring
Examples:
Everymother has/feels affection toward her children.
He isheld in great affection.
affectionate a.
He looksat her with affectionate looks.
cf:
affectation n. 矫饰, 做作
4. shrink
v. a. to make or become smaller, esp. throughwetting
b. to move back; show unwillingness to do sth.
Examples:
Willthis shirt shrink in the wash?
Carsales have been shrinking recently.
A shyman shrinks from meeting strangers.
5. apply
a. tomake a formal and usually written request for a job, position, etc.
b. touse a method, law, principle, etc. in a particular situation
c. toaffect or concern sb. or sth.
d. tobring sth. into nearness or contact withsth.
She isapplying for a scholarship.
Weshould apply what we have learned to practice.
Not allnatural laws can apply to human society.
Applysome of this ointment to the swollen part, and the pain will soon be gone.
Para. 7
1. These religious, moral, andethical values that are set during the college years often last a lifetime.
Question: Whatmakes it possible for these values to last a lifetime?
Duringcollege years, the young adults have the opportunity to decide for themselveswhat beliefs, values, and morals they are going to accept. These values areinclined to be internalized.
2. To internalize: ( apsychological term) to make faith, values, morals, attitudes, behavior,language,
etc.part of one’s nature by learning or assimilating them unconsciously.
Eg: Ihave internalized the cultural values of the Italians after three years ofliving in Rome.
在罗马生活三年以后我已经消化了意大利人的文化价值观并融为自我意识的一部分
3. model for sb: toserve as a model for sb; to set an example for sb
model oneself on/ after: to tryto be or behave like（sb that one admires）,e.g.
Childrenoften model themselves after their parents and teachers.
4. … however, these matters arequestioned and in some cases rebelled against. （para. 7）Paraphrase.
However,adolescents begin to doubt about the beliefs, values and morals their parenthave taught them, and sometimes openly refuse to accept them.
rebel against: tooppose or fight against, e.g.
Youngpeople tend to rebel against traditional p[ractices.
5. a variety of ethnicbackgrounds: many different races in the US
ethnic
a. a. of race or the races of mankind
b. (colloq.) of a particularcultural group
Examples:
ethnicclothes/food/music/restaurants
6. ethical
a. connectedwith principles of what is right andwhat is wrong
Examples:
anethical principle 道德原则
anethical basis for education
7. be equal to
v. to bejust as good as; have strength, courage, ability etc. for sth.
Examples:
Many of our products are equal to the best in the world.
It is ridiculous to think one race is not equal to another because it hasa different skin color.
He is equal to doing this task.
8. These religious, moral, andethical values that are set during the college years often last a lifetime.
Thesevalues that are established during the college years often last a lifetime. Itis believed that our character or basic moral principles are formulated duringthis period of time.
Para.8
1. Question: What is thesignificance of the college academic life according to paragraph 8?
College academic life is a challenge. Allstudents should be aware of how they react to new knowledge and new ways oflearning, how they process the knowledge presented to them, and how theyorganize this knowledge.
2. … develop new ways to organizeand use knowledge.
How theword “ way” is modified?
the way+ clause ( para.6 As theygrow and reach young adulthood, the way they relate to others changes.)
a way + to-infinitive phrase ( para.8 … she came to realize that literature is one of the best ways to understand acuture. )
a way + of + gerund noun ( para.8 Her way of learning had changed.)
3. affirm
todeclare (usually again) positively; strengthen beliefs, ideas, or feelings
Examples:
affirmone’s judgment/innocence
affirmsth. to sb. affirm that it istrue
affirmative a. 肯定的
affirmativereply/nod/reaction
4. Be aware of (p8): know about
He was well aware of what was undergoing secretly inside the league.
Those swimmers should have been aware of the danger near the shores ofthis area.
Para. 9
1.Question: How do collegestudents become world citizens?
Atcollege, the young adults have good chances to meet people from differentcultures. By interacting with them, they are introduced to new ways of life.They begin to understand life in different ways. By doing these, theyexperience a new understanding of the world and themselves.
2. interpret v. a.make clear the meaning of （either in words orby artistic performance）
interpreta difficult passage in a book
b.consider to be the meaning of
Weinterpreted his silence as a refusal.
c. givean immediate oral translation of
Will youinterpret for the foreign visitors?
3. observe:
a. To conform to one’s action or practice
b. Celebrate
c. To make a scientific observation
d. To see or sense through careful attention
e. To come to realize through consideration of noted facts
f. Remark or comment
Observe the behaviors of babies
Observe a reddish spot on the surface of the planet
Ted observed that Joe was a fine young man.
Imposing speed restrictions is easy, but forcing motorists to observethem is trickier.
The Islam community are observing their Sabbath quietly.
4. in a different light:seedifferently from other perspectives
Examples:
After I took that course, I began to see the world in a different light.
What he did made us see him in a different light.
The truth isunlikely to be brought to light by the promised enquiry.(/come to light)
In the light ofthis information it is now possible to identify a number of key issues. (by the
help of 借助,按照,根据)
A new approachoffers an answer, and may shed / cast light on an even bigger question.(帮助
说明某事物)
Para.10
1.Not only are they beingintroduced to new people and new knowledge, but they are also acquiring newways of assembling and processing information.
They aregetting to know a lot of new people and learning new knowledge. They are alosfinding or learning new ways of arranging, organizing, analyzing orunderstanding information. It implies that unrelated, unclassified informationis not scientific truth. Scientific truth requires the processing ofinformation. In college, students will learn new approaches, methods, andtheories which will change many of their prejudices.
2.for certain
ad.certainly; definitely; no doubt
Examples:
He is probably an accountant. I don’t know forcertain.
I can’t say for certain how much this car will cost.It must be in the neighborhood of two hundred thousand yuan.
3. contribute
v. a. tojoin with others in giving help, money,etc.
b. to help to cause or produce
Examples:
contributefood and clothing for the refugees
contributeto the Red Cross
Exercisescontribute to one’s health.
Drinkingcontributed to his ruin.
distribute v.to give things to a large number of people;
spread sth. over anarea分发，分配，散步，发行
distributepictures among children
istributemagazines to subscribers
distributemanure 肥料over a field
attribute n. a quality or feature of sb./sth. 特性，属性，性质
v. to say or believe that sth. is the result ofa particular thing 归结于
Politenessis an attribute of a gentleman.
Heattributes his success to hard work.
