01 Read the passage and do the following exercise. 

History of plastic surgery

History suggests that cosmetic surgery procedures have been in existence for centuries. Sushruta, a healer living in Ancient India, was arguably one of the first cosmetic surgeons in the world and the first one to perform skin grafts. After many years, certain Hindu surgeons also performed nose reconstruction by 600 BC. They used a piece of cheek skin for this reconstructive surgery. By the first century B.C., Romans were also practicing advanced plastic surgery procedures, perhaps prompted by the very public Roman baths. One of the most popular plastic surgery procedures appeared to be circumcision removal. Roman surgeons would also remove scars--particularly those on the back, which were marks of shame because they suggested that a man had turned his back in battle or, worse, he had been whipped like a slave.

After the fall of Rome at the end of the third century A.D., the progress of plastic surgery appears to have stalled for several hundred years. During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the spread of Christianity forbade any kind of surgical changes to the body, as dictated by Pope Innocent III. A brief rise in Plastic Surgery took place in the Renaissance, though mostly in barber shops. Two Sicilian barbers, a father and son team, would use skin flaps from the cheek or upper arm to rebuild a nose. The Italian surgeon Gasparo Tagliacozzi was widely recognized as the “father of modern plastic surgery” and as the first author of a plastic surgery textbook. Tagliacozzi’s surgical innovations promised at least partial restoration of the nose but his work disappeared due to the religious zeal of the Counterreformation and the concomitant emphasis on the syphilitic nose as a justifiable punishment from God.

Plastic surgery would reappear in Europe in 1794 when British surgeons witnessed an Indian bricklayer repaired the nose of a British cattle driver who had had his nose and hand cut off. In 1818, Karl Ferdinand Graefe coined the term “plastic surgery” and further attempted to remove the moral stigma associated with nose reconstruction by giving the procedure a classical name (rhinoplasty) similar to other surgical procedures. As the nineteenth century wore on and the European culture began its colonizing efforts in earnest, the nose became inextricably associated with race, an association that lasted until the current era, as seen in what is now called the “Michael Jackson Factor.”

War has played a significant role in the history of plastic surgery. For example, WWI trench warfare meant heads and necks were more vulnerable, and pilots and passengers in the new and dangerous airplanes often suffered serious facial injuries that were unprecedented any time in history. Injuries such as shattered jaws, blown-off noses, and gaping skull wounds accelerated the techniques and experimentation of plastic surgery. Plastic surgery techniques as rebuilding entire limbs, extensive skin grafts, microsurgery, antibodies, as well as increased knowledge about tissue health were introduced during WWII.

Several factors contributed to the postwar plastic surgery boon and the breaking down of traditional reluctance to undergo plastic surgery. First, continued activity of professional organizations and publications helped further legitimize the industry. In addition, after there was no war to generate patients, surgeons consequently began a widespread trend toward marketing surgical techniques toward particularly groups--particularly middle-aged, middle-class women who were affluent and largely finished with raising families. Furthermore, this demographic felt increasing pressure to remain young in a postwar culture often dubbed the “cult of the body beautiful” (Gilman 1999). Indeed, plastic surgeons would often use the vocabulary of postwar domesticity--such as sewing, housecleaning, and cooking--to refer to their procedures. By the 1960s, plastic surgery was fully integrated into the medical establishment and silicone breast implants also grew in popularity during this period despite of dangerous side effects.

Though silicone breast implants would remain available for breast cancer patients throughout the 1990s, the FDA removed them from the open market in 1992 due to reports of leaking implants. Even with this setback, plastic surgery continued to grow in the 1990s. In an important move for both plastic surgeons and their patients, President Bill Clinton signed a bill which required insurance companies to cover the cost of plastic surgery for women who had undergone a mastectomy. Groups are still working to ensure that reconstructive surgery for children’s deformities will also be covered by insurance plans (Website).

           (source:https://www.robinsoncosmeticsurgery.com/info/history-of-cosmetic-surgery/)

02 Read the following passage to complete the note-taking table and then check your understanding.

Celebrity plastic surgery

We all know that Hollywood is obsessed with plastic surgery. You basically have to get a nose job if you even want to live in the zip code. These are the good, the bad and the ugly of plastic surgery and what the stars looked like before they went under the knife.

Marilyn Monroe

When people hear the name Marilyn Monroe, cosmetic surgery isn’t the first thing that comes to mind for most.

The starlet that still embodies the glitz and glamour of the silver screen, who is still held up as one of the all time bombshells, got that way the same way many stars of today did.

Being born with good genes and a good deal of talent, then having those natural attributes increased with some selective cosmetic procedures. When she came out to Hollywood she was young and attractive, as well as talented, but she was made over into someone new. The name change is said to have come from a talent agent, and from there it was hair, makeup, body and any other changes that would enhance her appearance and make her an even brighter star. It is said she underwent at least two different procedures. One of them was a chin implant, which would have given her that distinctive jawline that really enhanced her facial structure and the other was a tip rhinoplasty which would have reshaped the soft cartilage of her nose.

Michael Jackson

Michael Jackson is perhaps the most famous case of celebrity plastic surgery in modern pop culture. Jackson underwent his first corrective surgery, rhinoplasty, in 1979 after breaking his nose while dancing. The surgery was only partly successful and subsequently caused breathing problems, so he underwent a second rhinoplasty during 1980. Jackson was said to be very pleased with the results of the rhinoplasty but in subsequent years his nose became so narrow that it looked bizarre, and became pointed and upturned.

The difference in Jackson’s face over the years is dramatic. His jawline became squarer, and dropped lower, and his lip color became lighter to match his increasingly pale skin tone, and a possible chin implant removed his cleft chin. He also had his eyeliner tattooed permanently to his eyes. However, he denied that he had alterations to his eyes although he was reported to have a surgeon to treat his vitiligo regularly, which produces uneven patches of skin in varying tones. By 2009 his gaunt look was the result of fat being drawn from the face.

Michael Jackson was a classic case of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). BDD is a psychiatric condition that makes it impossible to see oneself as others do. This unrealistic view causes BDD sufferers to undergo multiple plastic surgeries in a misguided attempt to correct a defect - one that wasn't there to begin with.

Cameron Diaz

Cameron Diaz plastic surgery has shocked many fans; it has been mentioned that she has had numerous surgery to boost her appearance. The procedures are multiple nose jobs (rhinoplasty); Botox, fillers, noninvasive facelift, chemical peels and possibly a boob job as well.

This star has admitted she has had four time nose job (rhinoplasty). She told the media that she was having a deviated septum and breathing problems, so then she needed a rhinoplasty to fix them. While Diaz said the surgery was for medical reasons, many celebrity watchers and celebrity gossip websites believe that it was not only for medical, but also cosmetic enhancement.

In addition to having a nose job, she was also rumored to have a deal with Botox or fillers. If we are judging her recent photos, it is obvious her face looks fresher, smoother and shinier than before. It indicates that Botox or fillers play an important role to create such stunning look.

Moreover, Cameron’s face looks fuller and puffier than ever which could be, as a result, of filler injection. Well, it is no doubt if filler can effectively reduce the wrinkles, but when it is overused, it can give you such bloated, puffy face and chipmunk cheeks. In Cameron’s case, it is still hard to tell whether her fuller face is the result of filler or weight gain.

Kenny Rogers

Kenny Rogers gambled with plastic surgery - and lost. "I'm not happy about it," the country crooner told People magazine in 2006 of a botched eyelid lift. "It drives me crazy." With his tight eyelids, he no longer looks like the scruffy, masculine man we knew in the 70's.

Jocelyn Wildenstein

Jocelyn Wildenstein is a poster child for plastic surgery gone wrong. The "Lion Woman of New York" reportedly underwent dozens of plastic surgeries - all in a misguided attempt to win back her husband. She might have undergone a brow lift, facelift, lip plumping injections, chin augmentation, fat grafting and/or cheek implants, upper and lower eyelid surgery, and canthopexy, a procedure that elevates the eyes to give them a catlike appearance.

Heidi Montag

Montag’s case is somewhat unique among celebrity plastic surgery stories.The reality star admitted to having a mini brow lift, botox in her forehead, a nose job revision, fat injections in her cheeks, a chin reduction, neck liposuction, ears pinned back, second breast augmentation, liposuction on waist, hips and inner thighs, and a buttock augmentation.

She underwent 10 cosmetic surgeries in one day... and now she looks less like a person and more like a Barbie doll. Some said none of these ten plastic surgeries had benefited her except in giving her more publicity and more reasons to do more surgeries.

In her own words about the results of her surgeries:“I would love to not be ‘plastic girl,’ or whatever they call me. Surgery ruined my career and my personal life and just brought a lot of negativity into my world. I wish I could jump into a time machine and take it all back. Instead I’m always going to feel like Edward Scissorhands.”

Powerful words and heartfelt ones from someone that was transformed so horribly by a doctor that was supposed to make her more beautiful.

Jennifer Grey

Jennifer Grey is a good example of how a nose job (rhinoplasty) can dramatically alter one's appearance. The removal of the bump (dorsal hump) on Grey's nose made her look very different from the 'Baby' character she played in 'Dirty Dancing.' That nose was one of Grey's defining features (like Julia Roberts's lips, Cindy Crawford's mole, and David Letterman's gapped teeth). While her altered appearance didn't stop Grey from winning "Dancing with The Stars," it might have gotten in the way of movie roles. She looks better since it's just a tad smaller, but the problem is that she doesn't look like she used to."  

  (source: http://www.celebrityplasticsurgery24.com)

03 Academic Vocabulary & Lexical Chunks

04 Put the following into Chinese or vice versa.