目录

  • 1 Introduction
    • 1.1 Warm-up activities
    • 1.2 Introduction to teaching plan
    • 1.3 TEM-4 Writing
    • 1.4 Assignment
  • 2 UNIT 1-1  Life and Value
    • 2.1 Warm-up
    • 2.2 Critical thinking
    • 2.3 Narrative- Introduction
    • 2.4 Features
    • 2.5 Tips
    • 2.6 Case analysis
    • 2.7 Assignment
  • 3 UNIT 1-2  Description
    • 3.1 简介
    • 3.2 特点
    • 3.3 人物描写
    • 3.4 景物描写
    • 3.5 场面描写
    • 3.6 Assignment
  • 4 Unit 2-1  Characterization
    • 4.1 Warm-up
    • 4.2 Characters
    • 4.3 How to develop characters
    • 4.4 How to balance telling and showing
    • 4.5 Assignment
  • 5 UNIT 2-2  Language Study
    • 5.1 Warm-up
    • 5.2 Language Study
      • 5.2.1 词汇变化
      • 5.2.2 修辞运用
    • 5.3 Case analysis
    • 5.4 Assignment
  • 6 Unit 3-1 Setting
    • 6.1 Pre-class activity
    • 6.2 Learning the skills
    • 6.3 Assignment
  • 7 Unit 3-2 Case Analysis
    • 7.1 Warm-up
    • 7.2 Elements of setting
    • 7.3 Case analysis
    • 7.4 Assignment
  • 8 TEM-4 Writing
    • 8.1 历年写作真题
    • 8.2 专四写作技巧
  • 9 Unit 4-1 Point of View
    • 9.1 Pre-class work
    • 9.2 Learning the skills-point of view
    • 9.3 Case analysis
    • 9.4 Assignment
  • 10 Unit 4-2 Case Analysis
    • 10.1 Case analysis
    • 10.2 Shift in tense
    • 10.3 Assignment
  • 11 Unit 5-1 Theme
    • 11.1 Warm-up
    • 11.2 Learning the skills
    • 11.3 The Stages of Writing
    • 11.4 Assignment
  • 12 Unit 5-2 Language study
    • 12.1 figure of speech
    • 12.2 Assignment
  • 13 Unit 6-1 Plot
    • 13.1 Review
    • 13.2 Learning the skills
    • 13.3 Case analysis
    • 13.4 Assignment
  • 14 Unit 6-2 Language study
    • 14.1 Unity
    • 14.2 Coherence
Tips

(二)记叙文写作方法


一般来说,记叙文通常由三个部分组成:开头、展开和结尾。记叙文是现实中使用频率最高的通用问题,因此对该文体的分析与研究也最为普遍,很多经典的论述值得学习借鉴。本部分参照徐义云教授(2007)的《英语记叙文写作方法析》。

1.记叙文的开头

记叙文的开头通常交代事件的背景,即交代事件发生的时间、地点、有关人物和人与人之间的相互关系等内容。这些方面包含着导致未来变化和发展的因素,可以帮助读者理解事件的本身。例如介绍某次郊游的文章可以这样开头:

I had an interesting outing during the spring holidays.It was Sunday.The sun was shining brightly.The weather was fine and warm.I got up very early that day.After an early breakfast,I went to Mount Mo with my classmates by bike.We got there at about nine.

在这几行文字中,作者写明了郊游的时间、地点和人物。在开头的段落中,介绍了对郊游的准备和到达目的地的时间。由于这几点叙述得自然、紧凑,所以这种方式的开头犹如电影的开头画面一样慢慢展开,把人们带到了郊游的目的地。

在记人的文章中,首先应该把人物介绍给读者,对人物的一些外貌特征可以在开头部分中加以介绍。例如,在介绍一位老师的文章中可以这样开头:

It was in 1981 that I first met my English teacher Mr.Wang.He was not tall but very strong at that time.His eyes shone brightly with knowledge behind a pair of glasses.Ever since then,we have been good friends.

在此段文字中,作者虽然没有直接交代事情发生的地点,但从所述的人物之间的关系,读者可以领会到此事的发生是在学校。另外,文中的“knowledge”一词和句子”Ever since then,we have been good friends”又为下文的展开做了很好的铺垫,容易吸引读者的注意力,激发读者欲读下文的兴趣。

2.记叙文的展开

记叙文的展开通常可以从四个方面入手:以人物活动的时间顺序为线索,按空间位置变换组织材料,以事件发生的顺序记叙,以人物的主次性格特征为序。前两种方法主要用于叙事的文章中,第四种方法用于记人的文章中,第三种方法即可用于记人又可用于叙事。

(1)以人物活动的时间顺序为线索

前面介绍了一次郊游的开头,接下来可以按人物活动的时间顺序作如下展开:

We first stayed for an hour on the grass land at the foot of the hill.There were many people there.Some of us were singing and dancing while others were playing games.Then we began to climb the hill,talking and laughing.On the top of the hill we overlooked the beautiful East Lake and all cried,“Wow!”We were also shocked at the beauty of other hills and the fields around.Besides playing chess and badminton,we took many photographs.At noon we had a picnic.In the afternoon we met some foreign guests.We talked and played games together.

在这篇文章中,作者和同学活动的时间顺序为:first,then,at noon,in the afternoon.

(2)按空间位置变换组织材料

按照事物空间位置转换的顺序安排材料,也就是按照地点变换,方位变换写文章。例如:

We enjoyed our visit to Dr.Hassans’house,perched high up on a hill.Walking up the long drive way,we approached the huge bronze door.A butler was standing in the open doorway,ushering guests into the house.Going in,we passed the oak-paneled library,and the formal dining room before we arrived at the ballroom,where the reception was being held.Under three sparking chandeliers,more than a hundred people were enjoying champagne,hors do’euvres,and good conversation.

空间位置变换的描述若运用表示方位的短语,就比一般的陈述显得更为有趣,具有立体感,可给读者留下深刻的印象。从上一段作者拜访那座位于小丘上的寓所,可体会到空间位置的变化。“沿着长长的车道,来到巨大的青铜门前,侍者将客人引入屋内,穿过橡木镶嵌的图书室和正规的餐厅,便到了举行招待会的舞厅。在三盏枝形吊灯的照耀下,客人们享受着香槟、餐前小吃,愉快地交谈。”

(3)以事件发生的顺序记叙

This story happened in a garden long ago.There were many water vats in the garden.A group of boys were playing there.One of them said it was a good place for playing games.They began at once.

They played happily for a long time.Suddenly someone shouted“Come!Come!A boy has fallen into a vat.”All the boys ran away except a small one.His name was Si Maguang.He was then only eight years old.He thought he should save the boy’s life.

But he was too small,the vat was too large,he could not see the inside of the vat.At that time,nobody would help him.He hurried towards the large vat,and broke it with a big stone.The water came out of the vat at once.When there was no water in it,he pulled the boy out through the hole.The small boys’father and mother and other people came and saw the small boy talking to SiMaguang.They were all pleased very much.They came forward to SiMaguang,praising him for his quick-wittedness and said he was a clever boy.

此文是记人的文章,以事件的发生为序。首段交代事件的发生(一个男孩掉进了大水缸),然后在第二段记叙了司马光救小男孩的经过(用砖头砸缸,把小男孩从洞口拖出),最后是小男孩的父母和其他人对司马光的赞扬。文章第二段还夹有对司马光外貌、年龄、心理的描写,进一步衬托出司马光的机智、聪明,从小就能乐于助人的优秀品质。

(4)按人物特征的主次顺序

例如前面那段记叙Mr.Wang的文章的开头对该位老师进行了外表描写(次要特征)之后,下面可以这样展开:

Mr.Wang was knowledgeable.He spoke English fluently and gave us lectures in English,which was not common in middle schools.He explained the grammar and language points carefully in class.After class,whenever I asked him questions,he was pleased to answer them and always encouraged me to raise more questions.

He was also very caring.I was the top student but I was poor.He often offered his table lamp for me to use,saying it was good for my eyesight at night.He sometimes invited me to have dinners in his family,too.

此文中,作者在开头段描述了述王老师外貌特征,并通过“knowledgeable”“also”两词平稳地实现了上下文的过渡与衔接。在展开段中,作者不仅叙述了王老师学术水平高、教学工作耐心细致,而且叙述了王老师在学习和生活上无微不至地关爱自己,热情帮助自己的优秀品德。此文就是按照人物的特征由次到主的顺序展开的。

3.记叙文的结尾

记叙文的结尾不像说明文和论说文的结尾那样复杂。叙事的文章通常是依照事件的发生、发展和结局这样一个自然的顺序来结尾,无须在结构上及方法上有特殊的要求。在记人的文章中,作者通常是有感而发,所以在此类文章结尾时,作者时常发表感慨,陈述自己对某人的观点或态度。在有些“难忘的某事”之类的文章中,作者可用一些议论来结尾。例如,前面所讲到的“郊游”和“难忘的老师”两篇文章,其结尾可分别是:

We spent a happy day on mount Mo.When we arrived home at 7 p.m.,we felt exhausted but extremely excited.

这段文字是按照人物活动的先后自然顺序结尾的,即从早晨出发到晚上回家。

In 1982 I entered university,far away from Mr.Wang’s home,but I would never forget him.It was he who made it possible for me to get higher education.此段结尾夹叙夹议,表达了作者对老师的难忘之情



(三)记叙文写作注意事项

记叙文是记人、叙事的文章。叙事时,一般按照时间的先后顺序和空间的位置变换来展开;记人时,主要按照人物特征的主次来展开。记叙文写作的注意事项如下。

1.明确写作目的

任何一篇写作都有其鲜明的目的:或证明某一理论,或阐明某一概念,或赞美某种美德或谴责某种罪恶等,以确保读者准确无误地领会作者对所叙述的人或事物的意图。

2.认真挑选细节

记叙文是由细节组成的。读者只有通过足够的细节才能知道发生了什么事情,但细节过多会使读者如堕烟海,兴趣顿消。因此要注意选用与内容有关或能表现主要观点的细节,才能产生预期的效果。

3.注意人称的使用

叙述的人称(可以是第一人称也可以是第三人称)通常是一贯到底而不是随意变换的。若需要交替使用两种人称,则要在人称替换处交代清楚,要通过适当的过渡提醒读者。

4.恰当使用时态

一般来说,在叙述故事、游记时可用一般过去时和过去完成时;在介绍人物、看图作文时,要看具体情况而定,可用一般现在时,也可用一般过去时,当然其间也可穿插其他时态。在确定一个主要时态之后,后面的部分在展开时不至于发生时态混乱。而这一点是确保记叙文语言流畅的一个基本条件。

5.学会穿插其他文体

任何文章不可能是一种文体贯彻始终。记叙文中有时可有议论,有时也可有人物的描写。通过议论,可抒发作者的主观情感;通过对人物外貌、言行和心理活动的描写,可揭示人物的性格特征和精神面貌。

6.勤于练习

要写好一篇记叙文,了解和掌握一些有关的写作知识和写作技巧是很有必要的。当然,更为重要的是要勤于练习。首先应“吃透”几篇范文。从形式到内容,从选题到立意,从遣词造句到布局谋篇,均可从范文中获得教益。此外,要做到“学而时习之”。写同类文章时,有关信息就会浮现,组织加工后,即可跃然纸上。


(四)记叙文常用句式


1.外出活动、欣赏美景

We decided to go out for a picnic.

I had a pleasant outing with some of my classmates today.

Early in the morning, we set off for the farm for a visit. When we reached the farm, we were given a warm welcome.

They showed us around the farm (we are shown around the farm), where we saw many kinds of plants.

We caught sight of a stream with green grass and beautiful flowers on both sides.

We were completely amazed at the wonder and the greatness of nature. We jumped and shouted like innocent children.

Once on the top of the hill/The moment we got to the top of the hill, we were deeply struck/ attracted by the beautiful scenery.

How we enjoyed the beautiful views from the top!

After being divided into groups, we set to work at once.

Some of us were getting water, some (were) cutting the meal and vegetables, and others (were) sitting on the grass enjoying music.

Birds were singing sweetly in the trees and butterflies were dancing gracefully in the garden/fields.

When lunch time came, we sat on the grassland, eating and drinking happily.

The meal was so delicious that we enjoyed it very much.

We sang and danced together to the music.

Three hours had passed before we knew it.

The time passed quickly before we knew it.

It was time for us to go back when the sun started to go down.

I spent the whole afternoon with our cousins, enjoying the fine scenery and fresh air in the country.

At about four o'clock in the afternoon, we said goodbye to them.

At four o'clock in the afternoon we had to return.

They came out to see us until we disappeared in the distance.On the way back, we were laughing and talking all the time.

What a wonderful weekend we had!

We enjoyed ourselves very much.

Through these out-of-class activities, we can learn a lot of things that can't be learned in class.

Although we were tired, we felt very happy. I think it's our duty to cover our country with green.

2.意外事故、天灾人祸

I was walking along the street when a terrible accident happened in the street.

One day something unpleasant happened.

The girl fell off her bike and was badly hurt.

Fortunately, the injured people were sent to hospital without delay.

An elderly man was hit by a car while he was crossing the road.

He fell down to the ground with a cry.

The girl was too frightened to move.

I was soon found out that the driver had drunk too much wine before driving.

The accident delayed all the traffic for an hour and caused the damage of $ 80,000.

Lots of people lost their lives in the floods.

The big floods, which occurred in 1998, caused great losses.

A big fire broke out in an office building in a busy street. The cause of the fire has been unknown. It is being investigated.

The fire lasted about two hours and was finally put out in the afternoon.

As a result, the three-storied building was destroyed, 50 people were killed, and more than 200 were injured.

Up to the present, the cause of the accident is still unknown.

3.助人为乐、舍己救人

Without thinking about her own safety, she rushed out and pulled him back.

He hurried to school, reaching the schoolyard quite out of breath.

She told the teacher what had happened to her on the way to school.

The blind man was out of danger, but she lost her life. /got injured.

He was praised for what he had done.

She offered us some gifts, but we refused to accept them.

They all thanked him for his help.

Wondering what to do, Tom saw a policeman.

We hurried to the policeman for help.

With the help of the policeman, we found the owner of the bag.

A clever idea came to his mind.

Then he put his idea into practice.

I left the hospital without giving my name.

This may be the most unforgettable experience of my life.

He felt happy because he had done a good deed.

It was not until then that I really understood the meaning of the proverb: “Helping others is the source of happiness. ”

He will always be remembered as a hero.

4.人物写照、生平事迹

He was from a poor peasant's family.

He is about 1.72 meters in height.

By the age of 14, he had taught himself advanced mathematics.

She is already in her fifties, but she looks younger for her age.

He is short and thin with a pair of thick glasses.

She is tall and slim with big dark eyes and black hair.

My English teacher, Miss Zhang, is a middle-aged woman.

She often helps those who have difficulty in doing their homework.

With her help, I have caught up with my classmates.

At the age of eight, he became a member of the diving team in Guangdong Province.

A few years later, he won a gold medal at the 11thh Asian Games and became a world Champion.

He has his own way of teaching.

He has much knowledge and good at teaching.

All these years, he has been working hard.

Many times he has been praised for his excellent work.

He gets on very well with us students.

He is not only our good teacher but also our good friend.

He is honest and always ready to help others. That's why we made him monitor.

We all considered her pronunciation to be the best of all.

He is a worthy person for us to learn from.

He graduated from Qinghua University in 1982.

An American company wanted to employ him with high pay,but he refused.

He received a doctor's degree in 1988.

He is strict with us and careful in his work.

He won the first prize in the physics contest.

He devoted all his life to education.

He is loved and respected by us all.

She is considered as one of the best teachers year by year.

With his help, we have made great progress in our studies.

He will always be remembered as a great leader, a wise and warm-hearted man.

He is regarded as a fighter by most of the people in the world.

Miss Zhang is such a good teacher that we all love her very much.

Such was Elbert Einstein, a man of great achievements.

5.常用谚语、格言

A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.

A good book is a best friend who never turns his back upon you.

A good example is the best sermon.

A good fame is better than a good name.

All roads lead to Rome.

All time is no time when it is past.

All things are difficult before they are easy.

Actions speak louder than word.

A young idler, an old beggar.

Caution is the parent of safety.

Fine feature makes fine birds.

Friendship is both a source of pleasure and a component of good health.

Good company on the road is the shortest cut.

Good advice is beyond all price.

Love me little, love me long.

Many hands make light work.

Never do things by halves.

Nothing is impossible for a willing person.

No cross, no crown.

One lie makes many.

Time tries all.

Two heads are better than one.