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A supply chain（供应链）(sometimes called the value chain or demand chain) is a system of organizations, people, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from suppliers to customers. Supply chain activities transform（转变成） natural resources（自然资源）, raw materials（原材料）, and components（部件、组件）into a finished product（产成品） that is delivered to the end customers（终端客户）.
Supply chain management（供应链管理）consists of firms collaborating（合作） to leverage（杠杆作用） strategic（战略的） positioning and to improve operating efficiency, while logistics is the work required to move and position（把……放在适当位置）inventory throughout a supply chain.
供应链管理由合作协调战略定位以促进运营效率的多家公司组成，而物流是在整个供应链中运输货物和仓储库存。
Part A Supply Chain Management
Enterprise Resource Planning（企业资源计划） is a way to integrate（整合）the data（数据）and processes of an organization into Supply Chain Management Process.
Typically,supply chain management is comprised of fivestages: plan(规划), develop（开发，采购）, make（制造）, deliver（运送） and return（退货）.
Plan（计划、规划）
The first stage is to plan. The entire process of supply chain management must be planned out（策划） with the primary goal（首要目标） of the company. The plan should address （解决，处理）how the goods or service will fulfill（实现，满足） the needs of company’s customers.
Develop（开发）
The second stage is to develop. It involves building a strong（坚实的） relationship with suppliers of the raw materials that are needed in making the product the company delivers. This phase（阶段）involves not only identifying（确定；鉴定；识别）reliable （可靠的）suppliers but also creating (创造)methods for shipping, delivery and payment.
Make（制作）
The third stage is to make. The product is manufactured, tested, packaged and scheduled (排期) for delivery in the stage. The worker productivity（生产力，生产率）, level of quality and product output （产量）are monitored （监控）in this manufacturing process.
Deliver（运送）
The fourth stage is to deliver. This is sometimes referred to as (称为)the logistics stage. It involves the transportation of the products through various channels（渠道） into the hands of the ultimate（最终的） customers. Therefore, the company should coordinate（调整，整合） the receipt of orders from customer, establish a network of warehouse, pick(挑选) carriers to get the products to customers and set up（建立，设立） an invoicing system（进销存系统） to receive payment.
Return（退货）
One additional stage may involve return. Customers may return defective（内在缺陷的） and excess（额外的，过量的）products. The company has to create a responsive and flexible network for receiving these products back from its customers and supporting （支持，帮助）customers who have problems with delivered products.
Common Methods In Supply Chain Management
The common methods in supply chain management are Quick Response(QR)快速反应, Efficient Consumer Response(ECR)有效客户反应, Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP)企业资源计划, and just in Time(JIT)准时制, etc.
Quick Response
Quick Response is both a management paradigm（范例,样式） and a methodology（方法）that allows supply systems to react quickly to changes while improving their performance（绩效）. QR emphasizes（强调） the beneficial effect of reducing internal and external lead times（前置时间）.Shorter lead times improve quality, reduce cost and eliminate (消除) non-value-added（非增值的） waste within the organization while simultaneously （同时地，同步地）increasing the organization's competitiveness (竞争力)and market share (市场份额) by serving customers better and faster.
Efficient Consumer Response（有效顾客响应）
Efficient Consumer Response is an approach（方法，途径） to supply and demand that focuses on identifying（识别，确定） what a customer wants and then marrying（嫁接，与…结合）the elements(成分,要素) of the information and supply chains with those wants. The process normally extends through （贯穿）the fulfillment（履行，实行） stage ensuring(确保) that customers are delivered the goods and services (they purchase )in a manner that is perceived （察觉，理解，认知）astimely (及时)and efficient(高效的).
EnterpriseResource Planning（企业资源计划）
Enterprise Resource Planning is a way（方法） to integrate （整合）the data and processes of an organization into one single system. An ERP management information system integrates areas such as planning, purchasing(采购), inventory, sales, marketing, finance, human resources, etc. ERP is most frequently used in the context of (在…情况下；在…背景下)software. As the methodology has become more popular, large software applications(软件运用程序) have been developed to help companies implement （执行，实施）ERP in their organization.
Just in Time（准时制）
Just in Time is an inventory strategy (战略) companies employ to increase efficiency and decrease waste by receiving goods only as they are needed in the production process, thereby （从而）reducing inventory costs. To meet JIT objective, the company must be able to predict(预测) demand for the product and how much inventory will be needed at what stages of production. JIT also depends on a reliable supply chain for the effective, timely delivery of parts. (零件,部件)
Forexample:
1st example: DIT program = Detain In Transit Program(NIKE, Adidas, Toys “R”US)
Yantian, Guangdong, PRC---------Houston,TX,USA direct service
Yantian—kaosiung (buffer)—Houston, relay service(v)
2nd example:Daily Maersk
