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Land (or ground) freight transport （陆地货物运输）is movement of goods from one location to another on land, usually by rail or road. It can be by train or by truck. In air and sea shipments, ground transport is required to take the cargo from its place of origin（原产地）to the airport or seaport and then to its destination because it is not always possible to establish a production facility(设施，设备) near ports due to（因为）limited coastlines（海岸线）of countries.
Ground transport is typically more affordable（可承受的，负担的起的） than air, but more expensive than sea especially in developing countries（发展中国家） where inland infrastructure is not efficient.
Rail Freight Transport
Rail freight transport（铁路货物运输）is the use of railroads to transport cargo. A freight train or goods train is a group of freight cars/rail cars(USA) 火车车厢or goods wagons (UIC)hauled（拖拽） by one or more locomotives(机车，火车头) on a railway, transporting cargo all or part of the way between the shipper and intended（预期的） destination as part of the logistics chain(物流供应链). Trains may haul bulk material（大宗物资）,intermodal containers（联运集装箱）, general freight（普通货物） or specialized freight（特殊货物） in purpose-designed cars.
When considered in terms of ton-miles(吨英里) or tonne-kilometers（吨公里） hauled per unit of energy consumed（单位耗能）, rail transport can be more efficient than road transport. However, shipment by rail is not as flexible（灵活的） as by highway, which has resulted in（导致） much freight being hauled by truck, even over long distances（很多货物通过卡车，即使长距离）. Moving goods by rail often involves transshipment（转运） costs, particularly when the shipper or receiver lack（缺乏） direct rail access.
Freight railroads relationship with other modes of transportation varies widely. There is almost no interaction（相互作用） with airfreight, close cooperation with ocean-going（远洋航行的） freight and a mostly（主要地） competitive(竞争的) relationship with long distance trucking and barge(驳船) transport.
many businesses ship their products by rail if they are shipping long distance because it can be cheaper to ship in large quantities (大量的) by rail than by truck; however barge shipping remains a viable(可行的) competitor (竞争对手) where water transport is available.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
Fast delivery
Capacity(High)运力大
Cost effective
Safe mode of transport
Reliable（可靠的）
Disadvantages:
Subject to unforeseen（无法预料的）delays(延迟)
Reliance on railfreight operator’s timetable (not flexible)
Suppliers/customersare not always located near a rail freight depot（仓库，场站） and deliveryto/from the depot can be costly and time consuming.
Operation
Traditionally（传统上）, large shippers（大型货主） build factories and warehouses near rail lines and have a section of track（轨排）on their property（不动产）called a siding（侧线）where goods are loaded on to or unloaded from railcars(火车车厢). Other shippers have their goods hauled (drayed)（拖拽） by wagon or truck to or from a goods stations (freight station)（货运站）. Smaller locomotives(火车头) transfer the rail cars from the sidings and goods station to a classification yard(编组堆场，分类堆场), where each car is coupled（连接） to one of several long distance trains being assembled(汇集，聚集) there, depending on that car's destination.
Rail freight uses many types of goods wagon(UIC)or freight car(USA). There include box car(USA)箱式车 or covered wagons(UIC)（篷车）for general merchandise（普通货物，杂货）, flat cars（平台货车）（USA） or flat wagons(UIC) for heavy or bulky loads（笨重的货物）, well wagons（井状台车；凹底平车）or “low loader” wagons for transporting road vehicles; there are refrigerator（冷藏） vans for transporting food, simple types of open-topped wagons（敞顶车） for transporting bulk material, such as minerals and coal, and tankers (罐式车厢)for transporting liquid sand gases. Most coal and aggregates（集料、混凝料） are moved in hopper wagons（漏斗车、倾斜车） or gondolas(USA) （敞车、无盖火车）or open wagons(UIC) that can be filled and discharged rapidly, to enable efficient handling of the materials.
CIM Rules（国际铁路货物运输公约）
CIM Rules, 1999 Uniform Rules Concerning the Contract of International Carriage of Goods by Rail (CIM), apply to a contract of carriage by rail（铁路货物运输合同） if the place of taking in charge of goods and the designated place of delivery are situated in two different states（货物的接收地和指定的交付地位于两个不同的国家） of which at least one is a party to CIM Convention（至少有一国是CIM公约的成员国）and the parties to the contract agree that the contract is subject to the CIM Rules. （合同的双方同意该合同受CIM规则的约束）。
CIM Rules would also apply to an international carriage that includes carriage by road or inland waterway or by sea as a supplement（补充） to trans-frontier(越境) carriage by rail, if the respective（各自的，分别的） carriage is performed inaddition to carriage by rail subject to a single(单一的) contract ofcarriage (i.e. the contract of multimodal transport) .
For international rail transport, the rail waybill（铁路运单）or the CIM consignment note（托运单） is often used.
