Chartering is the business of providing employment（使用权） for a vessel and arranging suitable sea transport for a variety of（各种各样的） commodities. The different requirements of employment for vessels call for(要求,需要)several different kinds of chartering. The three principal（主要的）methods of chartering a tramp ship(不定期船) are voyage charter(航次租船), time charter（定期租船） and bareboat charter（光船租赁）.

1. Voyage Chartering

The voyage chartering（航次租船） means that the shipowner promises to carry on board a specific ship（指定的船）a particular cargo（指定的货物）for a single voyage from one or more loading ports to one or more discharging ports.

The relationship between the parties is governed by(由…控制，受…约束)the voyage charter party(航次租船合同). A voyage charter party shall mainly contain the names of the parties, the name and nationality of the ship, the bale and/or grain capacity of the ship, description of the goods to be loaded, port of loading and discharge, time for loading and discharge（laytime装卸时间）, payment of freight, demurrage（滞期费）, dispatch（速遣费） and other relevant matters. 

• Deadweight(DWT)载重吨， NRT（Net Registered Tonnage）净总吨, GRT（Gross Registered Tonnage）毛总吨

Under a voyage charter the shipowner retains（保持） the operational control of the vessel and is responsible for all the operating expenses （运营费用）such as port charges（港务费）, bunkers（燃油）, overheads(企业的日常管理费用；杂项开支), canal dues(运河通行费) etc. Loading and discharging costs are divided between the shipowner（船东） and the charterer（承租人） in accordance with the agreement from case to case. There are some standard forms of voyage charter party used.

• F.I.=FREE IN 船东不负责装货

• F.O.=FREEOUT 船东不负责卸货

• F.I.O.=FREE IN AND OUT 船东不负责装货和卸货

• F.I.O.S.T.=FREE IN AND OUT, STOWAGE, TRIMMAGE船东不负责装货和卸货，积载，平舱

• LINER TERMS 按班轮运输条款

A typical（典型的） example is Gencon form（金康格式） which is a general(普通的) voyage charter party designed to be used in trades where no specific form exists. Published by BIMCO(波罗的海航运公会)

2. Time Chartering

The time chartering（定期租船） means that the shipowner（船东） provides a designated（指定的） manned（配备齐船员的） ship to the charterer（承租人）, and the charterer employs the ship for a specific period（租期） against payment of hire（租金）. The hire is payable in advance for a month or other period. If the hire is not paid promptly（准时的） the shipowner may be entitled（有权利行使） by the withdrawal（撤船） clause to withdraw（撤回） the ship from the service and cancel the charter.

  Under a time charter the crew（船员） is employed by the shipowner, who is also responsible for the nautical(航海的,海上的) operation and maintenance(维护,保养) of the vessel and supervision(监管) of the cargo. The chartereris liable for （对…负责）costs directly connected with the use of the vessel, for example, bunker costs（燃油费） and port charges（港务费） and pays for the loading and discharging（装卸费）. The liability for the cargo may be determined（决定、判定） in different ways and may rest with(在于,取决于) the shipowner or with the charterer or may be divided between them in one way or another. When giving orders to the vessel the charterer must keep within the trading limits(航行区域,航区限制) prescribed(规定) by the contract, with respect to geographical areas (地理区域) as well as cargoes to be carried. 排除战区，疫区，冰冻区，国际劳工组织联盟；排除非法货物（unlawful cargo）

  There are also some standard forms（标准格式） of time charter party used in the time chartering business. The two major forms are NYPE（纽约土产格式） and BALTIME（波尔的姆格式）.By far （到目前为止）the largest number of time chartering are fixed（签订）on the basis ofthe NYPE form. 

3. Bareboat Chartering

The bareboat chartering（光船租赁）ordinarily（通常的） means that the vessel is put at the disposal of（在…支配、使用之下） the charterer for a long period employment without any crew.

The charterer thus will take over（接管）almost all of the shipowner's functions. This means that the charterer will have the commercial (商务方面的) as well as the technical（技术上的） responsibility for the vessel and will pay for maintenance（维护、保养）, crew costs（船员工资） and insurance, etc.

Bareboat chartering is less common than other types of chartering. It is sometimes employed in connection with the financial arrangements（财务安排） for purchase of the vessel on installment terms(分期付款). In such case, the bareboat charter party serves as a hire/purchase contract, by which the shipowner/seller retains formal（正式的） ownership and thereby security(安全性) in the vessel until the full purchase price is paid.

 There is only one standard form of bareboat charter party used to any great extent (在很大程度上) and that is the BARECON(贝尔康) form designed by BIMCO.

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