These two concepts, which stand for two different translation strategies, were first raised by the American translation theorist Lawrence Venuti （劳伦斯·韦努蒂） in The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation.

Domestication（归化）: The translator brings the least strangeness of the source language to the readers in a transparent and fluent way.

Foreignization（异化）：The translator preserves the foreignness of the source language on purpose to violate the rules of the target language.

Friedrich Schleiermacher

（施莱尔马赫, Germany translator）:

Alienating（异化）-- Reader-oriented

Naturalizing（顺化）-- Author-oriented

They are the predecessors of  domestication and foreignization

The Translator's Invisibility uses texts and translations from Britain, America and Europe, with which Venuti elaborates theoretical and critical means by which translation can be studied and practiced as a locus of difference, recovering and revising forgotten translations, in order to establish an alternative tradition.

Agreeing with Sir Hohn Denham, John Dryden and Tytler, Venuti  supported foreignization more  than domestication.

Goethe divided translation into three parts, or three stages.

The first stage——we get to know foreign countries by using our own language.

The second stage——translators try to pretend that they are in that foreign country, but as a matter of fact, they are practically borrowing the foreign ideas and values.

The third stage——the target language conforms to the source text totally.

Antoine Berman (1942–1991) was a French translator, historian and theorist of translation.

He once said in his works——The Experience of the Foreign and Translation and the Trials of the Foreign that “the ethical purpose of the performance of translation is to 100% accept the heterogeneity (of the ST). This had great impact on Lawrence Venuti.

Lu Xun once said, “In the premise of understanding, we should preserve the original charm as much as we can.”

He could tolerate the unsmoothness part of the work to some degree. (He did this himself!) Because according to him, this would help input new ideas and values into China as well as some novel ways when conveying.