目录

  • 1 Introduction: What is translation
    • 1.1 Translation VS translating
    • 1.2 Translation is a science & an art
  • 2 Chapter 1   Understanding of Translation from different perspectives:Translation & translators- The process of translation
    • 2.1 Descriptions of translation from the perspective of  the role of the translators
    • 2.2 Descriptions of translation from the perspective of  the process of translating
    • 2.3 Summary
    • 2.4 Assignment
  • 3 Chapter 2 The Principles of Translation
    • 3.1 Principles or Criteria of Translation
    • 3.2 Principles proposed by Chinese translators and scholars
    • 3.3 Principles proposed by foreign translators and scholars
    • 3.4 A systematic summary of principles of translation
    • 3.5 Summary
    • 3.6 Supplementary material: The schools of translation theories
    • 3.7 Assignment
  • 4 Chapter 3 Translation and Culture
    • 4.1 Review of the schools of translation theories: cultural translation
    • 4.2 Language & culture
      • 4.2.1 The relationship between language and culture
      • 4.2.2 Cultral infiltration in translation
    • 4.3 Culture differences and translation
      • 4.3.1 Differences between Chinese and western languages
      • 4.3.2 Cultural transmutation in translation
    • 4.4 Summary
    • 4.5 Assignment
  • 5 Chapter 4 The Professional quality of a translator
    • 5.1 Responsibilities of a translator
    • 5.2 Qualities of a translator
    • 5.3 Unique qualities of an interpreter
    • 5.4 Summary
    • 5.5 Assignment
  • 6 Chapter 5 The Creativity of translation
    • 6.1 Translation is an intelligence activity
    • 6.2 The challenges that translators face
    • 6.3 Sample analysis
    • 6.4 Summary: Creative ideas and being faithful
    • 6.5 Assignment
  • 7 Chapter 6 The purposes of translation
    • 7.1 Translation is a type of communication
    • 7.2 Translation purpose and translation strategy
    • 7.3 The influence of translation on language development
    • 7.4 The function of cultural transmission and integration in Translation
    • 7.5 Assignment
  • 8 Chapter 7 The Classification of translation
    • 8.1 Specific vs. Genera translation
    • 8.2 Literary vs. non-literary translation
    • 8.3 Translation vs. interpretation
    • 8.4 Variant translation
    • 8.5 Assignment
  • 9 Chapter 8 Machine Translation
    • 9.1 What is machine translation?
    • 9.2 Principle of machine translation
    • 9.3 History and Prospect
    • 9.4 Summary and discussion
    • 9.5 Assignment
  • 10 Chapter 9 The Process of Translation
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 The process of translation
    • 10.3 Understanding is the premise of translation
    • 10.4 Understanding and expression
    • 10.5 Assignment
  • 11 Chapter 10 Literal translation and free translation
    • 11.1 Introduction to  Literal Translation &  Free Translation
    • 11.2 The differences between  literal translation and  word-for-word translation
    • 11.3 The definitions of free translation
    • 11.4 Different functions of  literal translation and  free translation
    • 11.5 Combination of  literal translation and free translation
    • 11.6 Assignment
  • 12 Chapter 11 Equivalence
    • 12.1 Equivalence in translation
    • 12.2 Different Levels of equivalence
    • 12.3 Similarity in translation
    • 12.4 Translatability and untranslatability
      • 12.4.1 Further reading
    • 12.5 Assignment
  • 13 Chapter 12 Domestication and Foreignization
    • 13.1 The concept and history of domestication and foreignization
    • 13.2 How to understand domestication and foreignization correctly
    • 13.3 The functional strategy for domestication and foreignization
    • 13.4 Assignment
  • 14 Chapter 13 Hypotaxis and Parataxis &
    • 14.1 Definition of parataxis and hypotaxis
    • 14.2 Features of parataxis and hypotaxis in English and Chinese
    • 14.3 parataxis and hypotaxis in C-E translation
    • 14.4 Summary
    • 14.5 Assignment
  • 15 Chapter 14 The Styles of Translation
    • 15.1 Style and translation
    • 15.2 What is style?
    • 15.3 Can style be translated?
    • 15.4 The expression means of style
    • 15.5 Style shift
    • 15.6 Assignment
  • 16 Chapter 15 The Effect of Translation
    • 16.1 Losses in translation
    • 16.2 Gains in translation
    • 16.3 Assignment
Combination of  literal translation and free translation

1. There’s no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid.

Literal translation: 再丑的罐儿也不愁配个盖儿。

Or:罐儿再丑,配个盖儿不犯愁。

Free translation:再丑的姑娘也不愁找不到婆家。Or:丑女不愁嫁。

2.Little fish does not eat big fish.

Literal translation: 小鱼吃不了大鱼。

Free translation: 胳膊拧不过大腿。

3.What the tongue says, the neck pays for 

  Literal translation: 舌头说话,脖子还帐。

  Free translation: 舌头闯祸,脖子遭殃。

4.What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!

   Literal translation: 孵出来是母鸡就别想冒充公鸡!

   Free translation: 生就是个女人就别想冒充男人!

5.A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.

   Literal translation: 礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。

   Free translation: 大门把你关在外,礼物送到门自开。

The above illustrations can not be translated literally, otherwise, the Chinese rendition would make no sense at all, let alone the original meaning.

More often than not, literal translation and free translation may be alternately used in the process of translation.

直译和意译兼用也被看作是 “平行式转换” (Paralleling)。这中翻译方法是指在翻译过程中将直译和意译二者结合,交替使用。

1.我在学堂里坐着,心里也闷,不如给人家放牛。

I feel sitting in school boring anyway. I’d rather look after our neighbor’s buffaloes.

2.他一边写着,一边注视着窗外,防止被巡查的人员看见。

While writing, he would keep an eye on the outside of the window for fear the the guard on duty would see him.

3.雨可能会停,但带把伞又何妨呢?

The rain may hold off, but it won’t hurt you to take an umbrella with you.

4.接着走过三个人来,头戴方巾,……都是四五十岁光景,手摇白纸扇,缓步而来。 

  Behind him came three men in scholar’s square caps, … all some forty to fifty years old, fanning themselves with white paper fans, they advanced slowly.

直译加注释LITERAL+NOTE 

当意译文本承载太多原文文化信息的句子的时候,为使读者正确清晰理解该文本,译者可以采用加注释的方式,用注释性翻译解释清楚。

bean curd--- toufu, a kind of Chinese food made of beans and shaped squre, colored white

dumpling--- jiaozi, a dumpling-like snack made of a flour wrapper with meat stuffed inside and severed with soup

继“long time no see(好久不见)”

“people mountain people sea(人山人海)”

“no zuo no die”(不作死就不会死)美国在线俚语词典“城市词典”(Urban Dictionary)录入

"you can you up"(你行你上啊)

"no can no BB"(不行就别乱喷)

“tuhao(土豪)”“dama(大妈)”和“hukou(户口)”

等中文拼音也被“高大上”的牛津英语词典相中,并有望于今年入选。 

“世界是英文的,也是中文的,但归根结底会是拼音的。”

Literal translation and free translation, however, are two relative concepts. In other words, there is no absolute “literal”, nor entirely “free” version in the practice of translation, and overemphasizing either of them would result in ridiculous consequences.