II. The challenges that translators face:

The translator's creativity is embodied in all aspects of the translation process. Peter Newmark, a British translation theorist, once listed seven situations which are the highest demand for translators' creativity, including culturally-loaded words(文化负载词), special syntactic structures, metaphors with cultural connotations, idioms, proverbs, puns, new words, and special phonological synesthesia.

译者的创造性体现在翻译过程中的方方面面。英国翻译理论家Peter Newmark曾列举了翻译中对译者创造性要求最高的七种情况，包括文化词语、特殊的句法结构、具有文化内涵的暗喻、习语、谚语、双关语和新造词，特殊的语音联觉效果。

     A. Semantic (meaning of the words) features of the source language;

     B. syntactic rules of the source language; 

     C. figures of speech;

     D. idioms and proverbs;

     E. puns, new words,

     F. phonetic features

In translation practice, there are two different views on creation.

One is subjective creation, that is, active creation. On the basis of breaking away from the language form of the source language, it creates new works according to the law of combining sound, form and meaning of the target language, so as to accurately and even publicize the beauty of meaning, sound and form of the original text.

The other is because there are some insurmountable difficulties in the process of conversion between the two languages, which belongs to the "last resort". It is a passive creation based on the desire to express.

在翻译实践中，普遍对“创造”有两种不同的认识。

一种是主观性的创造，即主动地创造。是在脱离原语语言形式的基础上，按译入语的音、形、义结合规律重新创作，从而准确甚至张扬地传达原文的意美、音美、形美。

另一种则是因为两种语言在转换过程中有些无法逾越的困难，属“不得已而为之”，是在力求表达愿意的基础上，加以变通，即被动的创造。