3. Principles proposed by foreign translators and scholars

Alexander Tytler

    Tytler's three principles:

First General Rule: A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 

Second General Rule: The style and manner of writing in a translation should be of the same character with that of the original. 

Third General Rule: A translation should have all the ease of original composition. 

                                                                                       Essay on the Principles of Translation (1792)

John Catford

Textual equivalence & Formal correspondence 

“Shift”: (source language- target language)

   Level shift & category shift 

Eugene Nida

Dynamic equivalence—— functional equivalence 

Two different types of equivalence:

 Formal equivalence: message in both form and content

Dynamic equivalence: relationship between receptor and message should be the same as that which existed between the original and the message. 

Peter Newmark

Semantic translation & Communicative translation