2. Principles proposed by Chinese translators

Dao An (314 - 385 AD)

      Dao An was a Buddhist monk of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He is mainly important today as a translator of Buddhist scripture. He suggested that a translator should “translate according to the original without any addition and deduction”“案本而传，不令有损言游字”. Dao An focused on loss in translation. His theory is the Five Forms of Loss (五失本) and the Three Difficulties (三不易). 

Xuanzang  (600 - 664 AD)

       Xuanzang was known for his extensive but careful translations of Indian Buddhist texts to Chinese, which have enabled subsequent recoveries of lost Indian Buddhist texts from the translated Chinese copies. 

Yan Fu（1854 — 1921）先进的中国人—【大师严复】

        Yan stated in the preface to his translation of Evolution and Ethics (《天演论》) that "there are three difficulties in translation: faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance" (译事三难：信达雅). 

Lu Xun (1881 –1936)        

        Lu Xun's most famous dictum relating to translation is "I'd rather be faithful than smooth" (宁信而不顺).

Fu Lei (1908–1966) 【大师】不屈的翻译家—傅雷

        He advocated the transfer of the original spirit of a literary work. A good translation should be "alike in spirit and appearance" 神似 but if the translator struggles with transmitting both the grammatical appearance and the literary spirit, he should try to save the latter.

Qian Zhongshu (1910 – 1998) 【人物】钱钟书（上、下）

        Qian Zhongshu wrote that the highest standard of translation is transformation (化, the power of transformation in nature): bodies are sloughed off, but the spirit (精神), appearance and manner (姿致) are the same as before (故我), the old me or the old self).

Xu Yuanchong （1921—  ）《传薪者》系列 第二集 译界泰斗_许渊冲

        He is best known for translating Chinese ancient poets into English and French. his theory is Beauty in Three Aspects: Beauty in Sense 意美，即思想内容美，能够感动人心; Beauty in Sound 音美，即音韵节奏美，读起来朗朗上口; Beauty in Form 形美，即形式上的美，字形结构、句式让人悦目.