1. Principles or Criteria of Translation 

Principles and criteria of translation are the two aspects of the same thing.

principles lays emphasis on the translator

Criteria focuses on the reader or critic

翻译标准：是准绳、准则，是翻译界的根本大法。

翻译原则：是“公理”，通常具有普遍适用性。

在本书中，这两个概念有重叠。