Detailed Discussion of Text A
1. As disasters go, this one was terrible, but not unique, certainly not among the worst U.S. air crashes on record. (para. 1)
Air crashes usually involve a heavy loss of lives. Compared with other air crashes, thisone was not the worst. This air crash was remembered for a different reason.as disasters go: compared with the average disaster of this typeMore examples of “as…go”:
As writers go, Oscar Wilde was not the most talented. But he was among the mostpopular.
As businessmen go, he is considered pretty honest.
2. There was the unusual element of the bridge, of course, and the fact that the plane hit it at a moment of high traffic. (para. 1)
One thing that was unusual about this disaster was that the plane hit the bridge at thetime of heavy traffic.
element: Here it means “factor”.
high traffic: heavy traffic; heavy flow of vehicles
3. Washington, the city of form and rules, turned chaotic by a blast of real winter and a single slap of metal on metal. (para. 1)
the city of form and rules: See Note 2 in Notes on the Student’s Book.turned chaotic: became chaotic; was thrown into a terrible confusiona blast of real winter: a sudden strong and really cold windThe word “blast” could also refer to a sudden explosion or a sudden very loud noise,e.g. The bomb exploded and more than 20 people were killed in the terrible blast. The music came in full blast from next door, and I had to call the police to stop it.
slap: a quick blow with sth. flat as in “a slap across the face”. Here of course it is used figuratively.
4. And there was the aesthetic clash as well—blue-and-green Air Florida, …sunk down among gray chunks of ice in a black river. (para. 1)
When the air crash occurred, it was not just a clash (a loud sound made by two objects)of metal against the bridge, but also a clash between colors: the blue-green color of theplane and the gray and black color of the ice and river.
the aesthetic clash: the combination of different colors which looked very bad (aesthetic: sth. connected with the study of beauty)
Air Florida: The Florida Airline Also:
Air France; Air China chunk: a fairly large amount of
e.g. a chunk of meat; a chunk of rice
5. Still, there was nothing very special in any of it, except death, which, while always special, does not necessarily bring the nation to tears or to attention. (para. 1)
while always special: although (it is) always specialMore examples of “while + adj.”:
Money, while desirable and useful, can corrupt.
Their life, while rich and comfortable, somehow lacks meaning. not necessarily: possibly but not certainly
e.g. New things are not necessarily better.
Teachers do not necessarily know more than students sometimes.
bring sb. to tears or to sb.: to make sb. cry or attract millions of his/her attention
6. Why, then, the shock here? (para. 1) Why was there such a shock here?
Notice the structure of this kind of elliptical sentence: e.g. Five o’clock? Why so early?
To go to the France? Why me?
If so many of our businesses can’t compete with other countries, why WTO then?
7. Here, after all, were two forms of nature in collision: the elements and human character. (para. 2)
the elements: the bad weather
two forms of nature: the bad weather and the human character. Both are forms of natural power.
collision: clash; two people or vehicles or ideas hitting each other while moving directly toward each other
Note: Do not mix it up with the word “coalition”.
8. Last Wednesday, the elements, indifferent as ever, brought down Flight 90.And on that same afternoon, human nature—groping and struggling—rose to theoccasion. (para. 2)
indifferent as ever: unconcerned about the consequences as alwaysbrought down: made the plane fall down
Notice the difference between the two sentences in each pair: 1) The plane fell into the river.
The plane was brought down safely by the pilot. 2) He grew up in a small mountain village.
He was brought up by his sister-in-law. 3) The fire went out after two weeks.
The fire was brought under control in the end. flight: referring to a plane making a particular journey
rise to the occasion: to deal successfully with a difficult situation or probleme.g. I’m sure that he will rise to the occasion when he realizes what is at stake.groping and struggling: groping for the floatation rings and struggling in the icywater, but these two words may also be interpreted figuratively, referring to humannature.
9. Of the four acknowledged heroes of the event, three are able to account for their behavior. (para. 3)
Only three out of these four heroes lived to tell people what they actually had done andhow they had rescued the five survivors.
to account for: to give a satisfactory explanation of what has happened
10. Donald Usher and Eugene Windsor, a park police helicopter team, riskedtheir lives every time they dipped their skids into the water to pick up survivors.(para. 3)
Donald Usher and Eugene Windsor: On January 13, 1982, following the crash,Donald Usher, a USPP officer and helicopter pilot, and paramedic officer EugeneWindsor, were assigned to rescue the survivors. They both received the Interior’sValor Award of the U.S. Department.
USPP (The United States Park Police): a federal law enforcement agency in the U.S.with responsibilities and jurisdiction in those National Park Service areas primarilylocated in Washington, D.C., San Francisco, and New York City areas and certainother government lands. A unit of the USPP is the USPP Aviation Unit, the tasks ofwhich include aviation support for law enforcement, medevac (= emergency removalof sick or injured people from an area especially by helicopter), search and rescue,high-risk prisoner transport and presidential and dignitary security.
every time: functioning as a conjunction to introduce adverbial clause of time; whenever
11. … they described their courage as all in the line of duty. (para. 3)in the line of duty: as part of one’s duty
e.g. They are paid by the people to provide these services. It’s all in the line of
duty.
12. It’s something I never thought I would do. (para. 3)I never thought I would have the courage to jump into the icy water to rescuesomebody. “It” here refers to his heroic deed.
13. … delivering every hero’s line that is no less admirable for being repeated. (para. 3)
… saying something that has been said before by many people in similar situations,
but it is still admirable.deliver a line: to make a remarkAlso:
deliver a speech; deliver a lecture
14. That somebody actually did so is part of the reason this particular tragedy sticks in the mind. (para. 3)
Noun clauses introduced by “that” are used as subjects only in formal English. Ininformal English, we usually turn them into appositive clauses by adding the word“fact”
e.g. The fact that somebody actually did so is part of the reason this particular tragedy sticks in the mind.
stick in the mind: to be remembered
15. … responsible for the emotional impact of the disaster… (para. 4) … being the reason for the emotional impact of the disaster… emotional impact of the disaster: how this disaster has moved people
be responsible for: to be the cause of
e.g. That policy was largely responsible for the mass hunger. The favorable weather conditions were partly responsible for our good harvest last year.
16. This man was described… as appearing alert and in control. (para. 4)This man was described... as a person who appeared alert and in control.alert and in control: able to think quickly and clearly; calm and with perfect presenceof mind
17. Every time they lowered a lifeline and floatation ring to him, he passed it on to another of the passengers. (para. 4) lifeline: a rope used to rescue people at sea
floatation ring: some kind of life-belt or life-preserver—shaped like a donut
18. “In a mass casualty, you’ll find people like him… But I’ve never seen one withthat commitment.” (para. 4)
mass casualty: large numbers of people hurt or killed in an accident or battle. “Mass”here is an adjective as in “mass murder”, “mass audiences”, “mass protest”, etc.commitment: Here it means a strong sense of responsibility or loyalty.Notice how the word “commit” and its derivatives are used:
WTO commits China to treating all foreign business people in China as nationals.China is committed to lowering its tariffs.
We have a strong commitment to WTO rules.
19. When the helicopter came back for him, the man had gone under. (para. 4)to go under: to sink; to be drowned
e.g. In a fierce competition, poorly managed enterprises will go under. (fail) The captain hoped that help would come before the ship went under.
20. His selflessness was one reason the story held national attention; his anonymity another. (para. 4)
anonymity: the state of being unknown by name anonymous: not identified by name; of unknown name
He preferred to remain anonymous. The author of this book is anonymous.
The fact that the man in the water who had displayed such heroism did not leave hisname, was another reason why the whole nation felt so touched by this story. Itshowed that the man was a very ordinary citizen. It also proved that he did what he didnot for fame or anything.
Note how “anonymity” is formed: an- means without, and nym comes from anoma inlate Latin which means name.
cf. antonym, synonym, homonym, pseudonym
21. The fact that he went unidentified gave him a universal character. (para. 4)gave him a universal character: gave him a universal quality; made him arepresentative man, like everyone of us could be; made people feel that it could havebeen anyone
22. For a while he was Everyman, and thus proof (as if one needed it) that no man is ordinary. (para. 4)
Notice that the word “Everyman” is capitalized. It echoes the title of a medieval playabout a typical human being. It conveys the idea that this anonymous man reallyrepresents the best of human nature. What he did was not the act of a supernaturalbeing, but the act of an ordinary person. Yet, the author says here that “no man isordinary”, because every person is an individual moral entity and is capable of risingto the occasion and making history.
23. Still, he could never have imagined such a capacity in himself. (para. 5)However, it was impossible for him to know that he would be capable of such heroism.What the man did was the natural response to the critical situation.Notice the use of the word “in” here. It is used to say what one should consider inanother.
e.g. We all see a promising scholar in her.
I don’t know what she saw in that man. He seemed to be very ordinary. But she loved him.
24. Only minutes before his character was tested, he was sitting… listening to the stewardess telling him to fasten his seat belt and saying something about… (para. 5)
The author is imagining what must have been the situation. He used the pastcontinuous to make the narration more real and vivid.
stewardess: “-ess” is a noun suffix referring to a female, e.g. waitress, actress, mistress, hostess, lioness, countess
Note: Apart from “mistress” and “countess”, the gender distinction has vanished, because it is considered sexist.
25. So our man relaxed with the others, some of whom would owe their lives to him. (para. 5)
our man: our hero; the man we are talking about here
of whom: Notice that here only “whom” can be used, not “that” or “who”.owe: We can say “I owe him five dollars” or “I owe five dollars to him.” Similarly, wecan say “He bought me a dictionary” or “He bought a dictionary for me”, “It cost us alot of money” or “It cost a lot of money for us.”
26. … or to regret some harsh remark made in the office that morning. (para. 5)… or to feel sorry for the unkind things he might have said to his employee in theoffice that morning before he took the plane.
The author imagined the man to be some kind of business executive.
27. Like every other person on that flight, he was desperate to live, which makes his final act so stunning. (para. 5) on that flight: on board that plane
stunning: shocking
28. For at some moment in the water he must have realized that he would not
live if he continued to hand over the rope and ring to others. He had to know it, no matter how slow the effect of the cold. (para. 6)
Obviously it requires much more courage to face sure death knowing that you have achoice (keep one of the rings for yourself) than to face the possibility of death by, forexample, a stray bullet in battle. The man in the story did not act on impulse. He didnot pass on his rings to others with a total unawareness of the consequences. At somepoint he must have known that he was freezing to death and would go under anymoment. But he still gave the chance of survival to the next person.
no matter how slow the effect: however slow the effect of the cold might have been
29. Yet, there was something else about our man that kept our thoughts on him… (para. 7)
that kept our thoughts on him: that held our attention to him; that made us think of him all the time
30. He was there, in the essential, classic circumstance. (para. 7)
What happened that day was a typical situation in which nature and man fought eachother. And when nature begins to show its power, you always find man fighting back.He is always there. We can always expect to find such a hero.
essential: basic, typical, the most important
classic: very traditional or frequently met in the past
31. So the age-old battle began again in the Potomac. For as long as that man could last, they went at each other, nature and man… (para. 7)
the age-old battle between nature and man: The author is using a very traditionalidea here, the idea that human civilization is a record of man’s fight with and gradual,though incomplete, conquest of nature.
go at: to attack; to start to fight
e.g. Those companies went at each other like hungry wolves.
32. … the one making no distinctions of good and evil, acting on no principles,offering no lifelines; the other acting wholly on distinctions, principles and,perhaps, on faith. (para. 7)
Nature is indifferent. It does not have any idea what is good or what is bad for humanbeings, and it does not care. It has no moral principles. Human beings, on the otherhand, are different. They have moral standards. They have feelings. They care andthey love. Therefore, they are able to choose between right and wrong.
33. In reality, we believe the opposite, and it takes the act of the man in the water to remind us of our true feelings in this matter. (para. 8)
Actually, the death of the man did not mean that human beings had lost the battle. In amoral sense, man had won, because man’s courage to defy death was also atremendous power. Therefore, what happened to this man in the water should fill uswith pride rather than sadness.
34. It is not to say that everyone would have acted as he did… (para. 8)
it is not to say: it does not mean
35. Yet whatever moved these men to challenge death on behalf of their fellows isnot peculiar to them. Everyone feels the possibility in himself. (para. 8)Yet whatever made these men or gave these men the power to challenge death is notunique. Indeed, every one of us has the potential to be a hero.
36. That is the enduring wonder of the story. That is why we would not let go of it. (para. 8)
That is the lasting wonder of the story. That is what keeps our thoughts on this story.(That is why we keep thinking about this story. That is why this story will always livein our memory.)
37. If the man in the water gave a lifeline to the people gasping for survival, hewas likewise giving a lifeline to those who watched him. (para. 8)In this article, the author is giving the man’s action a symbolic meaning. When theman was giving a lifeline to the people gasping for survival, we might say that he wasalso giving the chance to live to everyone of us. He was showing by his own examplethe meaning of life, the dignity of human existence, and the power of noble humancharacter.
likewise: in the same way
38. “Everything in Nature contains all the powers of Nature,” said Emerson. (para. 9)
For Emerson, see Note 6 in Notes on the Text.
By “the powers of Nature”, Emerson did not just mean such powers as coming fromcoal, oil, water, wind, etc. (He could have included nuclear power if he had been ableto see that far into the future.) He probably also meant the power unique to humanbeings: the power to love, the power to change, and the power to create.
39. The man in the water set himself against an immovable, impersonal enemy;he fought it with kindness; and he held it to a standoff. He was the best we can do.(para. 9)
set sb. against sb.: to make sb. start to fight or quarrel with another person, esp. a person with whom they had friendly relations before
e.g. There were outside forces who were trying to set one tribe against another. That was why there were endless civil wars in that country.
I’m not going to set myself against my own classmates.
an immovable, impersonal enemy: It refers to nature, which is indifferent and cannotbe persuaded to change its attitude towards us humans. “Immovable” here means“impossible to be changed or persuaded”.
standoff: a situation in which neither side in a fight or battle can gain an advantageHe was the best we can do: The man in the water represented human nature at its best.

