4. Criteria of Translation

1 )  Some criteria proposed by famous translators

⑴ Faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance  (Yan Fu)   

     信、达、雅---严复

⑵ Rather being faithful in thought than smooth in form (Lu Xun)

      宁信毋顺----(鲁迅）

⑶ “Spiritual alike” (Fu Lei)

         神似-----傅雷

⑷ “Reach the acme of perfection” (Qian Zhongshu)

（sublimation）化境 ----- 钱钟书

⑸ “Functional equivalence” (Eugene A. Nida)

        功能对等-----奈达.

⑹ (Alexander F. Tytlor’s three principles：泰勒 “翻译三原则”

2）Two fundamental criteria:(两个翻译标准）

⑴ Faithfulness（忠实）: The translation should be faithful to the original, not only in terms of meaning, but also in terms of style (文体，风格）. 

Ex 1. She is a pretty girl with the hard, bright face like a china doll’s.

【Original version】她是个漂亮女孩，脸蛋又冷又艳，活象一个中国娃娃。

【Corrected version】她是个漂亮女孩，脸蛋又冷又艳，活象一个瓷娃娃。

Ex 2. She tried going through the first pages.

   【O.V】她试着翻翻第一页。

   【C.V】她试着翻翻前几页。

⑵ Smoothness（通顺）:The translation should be smooth, natural and without any translationese. 

Ex 1. He was so angry that he couldn’t speak.

   【O.V】他是如此的愤怒，以致说不出话来。

   【C.V】他愤怒得说不出话来。

Ex 2. This book is the beginning of his fame. 

   【O.V】这本书是他名声的开始。

   【C.V】这本书是他的成名之作。