专升本考试英语语法-------关键点
一. 虚拟语气
虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）这一语法项目是各类英语（论坛）考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。
I： 最基本的虚拟语气句型：
1. 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式（be 一般用were），主句用would/ should/could/ might +动词原形。
If places were alike， there wouldbe little need for geographers.如果各个地方都一样，就不需要地理学家了。
2. 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had＋过去分词，主句用would / should /could / might + have +过去分词。
If he had known your address yesterday，he wouldhave telephoned you.
3.虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would /should/could/ might +动词原形。
If he were to leave today， he would getthere by Friday
4. 省略if采用倒装语序的条件句。有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if省去，而将had ， should， were等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。
If he had worked harder， he would havegot through the exams.==》Had he worked harder， he would have got through the exams.
If he were to leave today， he wouldget there by Friday.==》Were he to leave today， he would get there by Friday.
If I were in your place， I wouldn’t do that.==》Were I inyour place， I wouldn’t do that.
5. 有时虚拟条件句并没用if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语（otherwise，or， without， but for）、上下文或其它方式来表示。如：We didn‘t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
Without you help， I wouldn’t haveachieved so much.
But for（“要不是。..。..”的意思）yourhelp， I would not have succeeded.
II： 虚拟语气在从句中用should的情况：
1. 在表示建议，要求，命令，想法的动词后的从句里， 用should +动词原形， should 可以省略。 如 advise， agree， command， decide，demand， determine， grant， indicate， insist， order， prefer，propose， request， require， stipulate， suggest， urge，vote.常考到的是：suggest， advise， demand， require， propose，insist， order， request.
His doctor suggested that he （should） take shortleave of absence.
The author proposed that TV （should） be turnedoff at least one hour every day.
2. 在表示建议，要求，命令，想法的名词后的从句里， 用should +动词原形， should可以省略。 如 advice， decision，agreement，command， decree， demand，determination， indication，insistence， order， preference， proposal， request， requirement，stipulation etc.
It was Bill’s suggestion thateveryone （should） have a map.
His suggestion was that everyone （should） have a map.
He gave us a suggestion that everyone （should） have a map.
3. 在It is/was +形容词后的that 从句中用should的结构， should 可以省略。
这类形容词常见的有： advisable， anxious， compulsory， crucial，desirable， eager， essential， fitting， imperative（绝对必要），impossible， improper， important， natural， necessary，
obligatory， possible， preferable， probable， recommended，urgent， vital etc.
It‘s natural that she （should） do so.
It is essential that we （should） tell herthe news.
4. 在 lest 和 for fearthat（以免），in case（以防）从句中用should，should 可以省略。
She walked quietly lest she （should） wake up herroommates.
Have your gun ready in case we should needit.
III： wish 后的 that 从句中：
1. 表示现在或将来的愿望，从句中过去式。
I wish I knew his address.
I wish I were young.
2. 表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望， 从句用过去完成式或would，could， might +have + 过去分词。
I wish you had written to him.
I wish I could have slept longer thismorning， but I had to get up and come to class.
3. 如果将wish改成wished， 其后that 从句中动词的形式不变。
4. 如果that 从句中用would ， 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking sillyquestions.
IV： 在 It’s about/high/ first（second， third etc）time 后的that从句中，用过去式。表示“该是做什么的时候了”
It is about time you were in bed.
It is high time we left.
It is the first time I came here.
V： 在would rather， wouldsooner， would just as soon后的that从句中，用过去式或过去完成式，表示“宁愿做什么”
I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
John would rather that she had not gone tothe party yesterday evening.
VI： 在if only（“如果。..。就好了”的意思）感叹句中，谓语动词与wish宾语从句的虚拟形式相同。
If only he didn’t drive sofast！（现在）
If only she had asked someone’s advice.（过去）
If only the rain would stop.（将来）
VII： 在as if / as though从句中，表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑，用过去式;表示过去想象中的动作或情况，用过去完成式。
He speaks as if he were on the spot.
She spoke to me as if I were deaf.
This device operated as though it had beenrepaired.
注： 1. 在 as if / as though 句中，如果有可能成为事实，用陈述语气。
He looks as if he is going to be ill.
2. 在 insist 后的从句中， 如果是坚持自己， 用陈述语气，
坚持别人做什么事情，用虚拟语气。
She insists that she is right.
She insisted that I should finish the workat once.
二 、非谓语动词（不定式、分词、动名词）
（一）不定式
1、一般用法
1）作主语： To saysomething is one thing， to do it is another.说是一码事，干是另一码事。
***形式主语it It is not fairto blame them for the accident.
2）作表语： My suggestionis to carry out the plan immediately.
3）作宾语： He offered togo with us.他提出和我们一起去。
***形式宾语it We found itimpossible to get everything ready in advance.
I consider it my duty to point out theirshortcomings.
4）作宾语或主语的补足语： Mr.Smith wants his son to become a lawyer.
The suspected man was seen to enter thebuilding.
此类动词还有如ask， advise， allow， compel， encourage， hear，intend， lead， inspire， order， persuade等。
***hope， demand，suggest不可接不定式作宾补，但可跟that引出的宾语从句。
He hoped that I would give him more help.The doctor suggests that my father （should） stopsmoking.
***在see， hear， look at， listen to， feel， observe， watch，notice等感官动词， 以及let， make， have 等动词后面的不定式要省掉to.但注意在其被动语态中，作为主补的不定式要加上to.
We are made to write a composition everyweek by the teacher.
5）构成复合谓语结构：
① "be said （reported， known…） + 不定式"可换成： it is said（reported， known…）that…
Shanxi Province is known to have rich coalreserves. = It is known that Shanxi ……
② seem （happen， appear， prove， tend） + 不定式
I happened to be out when she called. 碰巧出去了
③ be likely （certain， sure， willing， anxious， ready， bound，eager， reluctant） + 不定式
They are likely to succeed. She is alwaysready to help others.
6）作定语（一般为后置修饰语）
He used to have a lot of meetings toattend. There is nothing to worry about.
①英语中有一些名词常跟不定式作定语：ability， agreement，ambition， attempt， claim， decision， hope， intention， failure，need， refusal， plan， promise， tendency， wish， willingness，threat， anxiety
His attempt to solve the problem failedagain. Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.
② the first， second， last， only （thing）， best（thing）等后面常跟不定式作定语。
He is always the first to come and the lastto leave. What is the best thing to do？
7）作状语（表示目的，原因，结果等）
They will go to the station to meet theguests. We are overjoyed to see you.
常跟不定式作原因状语的形容词有： happy， glad， relieved，astonished， amazed， overjoyed， surprised， sad
不定式也可作结果状语，仅限于learn得知， find发现， see看见，hear听见，to be told被告知， make使得等具有界限含义的动词， only to常表示令人不快的结果。
He returned home to learn his daughter hadjust been engaged.
I hurried to Professor Wang’s house onlyto find he was out.
①不定式与in order to， so as to连用，作目的状语；与so（such）… as to连用，作目的状语和结果状语。
In order to catch the train， he hurriedthrough his work. He was so angry as to be unable to speak.
②不定式与enough和too…to连用，作程度状语。
③all too， only too…加不定式不表示否定的意思： I’m only too pleased to help you.我非常愿意帮助你。
8）插入语： To be fair， he hasworked hard these days. We don’t like your idea， to tell you the truth.
2、注意问题：
1）不定式的逻辑主语
（1） for + 名词或代词宾语 + 不定式：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.
（2）不定式独立结构：He proposed a picnic， he himself to pay the railway tickets， and John to providethe food.
在表示人物性格、特点等的形容词后，用of引出不定式的逻辑主语：
It was wise of him to do that. I think itwrong of him not to accept our invitation.
常见的这类形容词有：
absurd荒唐的 bold大胆的 brave勇敢的 clever聪明的courageous有勇气的 rude无礼的considerate考虑周到的 foolish愚蠢的 honest诚实的 polite有礼貌的silly傻的grateful感激的 wicked邪恶的thoughtful体贴的 careless粗心的right正确的
2）不定式的否定式： not + to doThey decided not to give up trying.
3）连接词 + 不定式： He willtell us how to use the library.
4）省 to 的不定式
①口语以 why 开头的简单句： Why not go out for a walk？ Why do it that way？
②had better， would rather…（than）， would…rather than，would sooner…（than）， can not but…， can’t help but…，
may（might） as well习惯用法
Rather than beg in the street， he wouldprefer to die of
hunger.他宁愿饿死也不上街。
I could’t help but wait forthe next bus to
come.我不得不等下一趟车。
***③donothing/anything/everything but （except）
Last night I did nothing but watch TV. Johnwill do anything but work on a farm.
****其他的谓语形式要用to ：
There was nothing for them to do but toremain silent. The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.
3、不定式的"体"式和语态
体式主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to write to be written
完成式 to have written to have been written
进行式 to be writing
完成进行式 to have been writing
⑴体式①I am sorry to hear the
news.（不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后，或同时发生）
②They seem to be having a meeting.
（不定式动作与谓语动作同时发生）
③The enemy was reported to have surrendered two days
before.（不定式先于谓语动作）
⑵语态①出现动作的执行者，用主动式：I have a meeting to attend.
否则用被动语态：Here are the clothes to be washed.
②在"表语（或宾语补足语）+
不定式"结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式：
They found Professor Jones’ lecturehard to understand. She is nice to talk to.
③习惯用法：None of us was to blame for that.
The dog was nowhere to be found.
（二）分词（现在分词和过去分词）
比较：剥削阶级the exploiting class 被剥削阶级the exploited class
正在采花的女孩the girl gathering flowers 今天早晨采集的花the flowersgathered this morning
落叶fallen leaves 凋谢的花faded flowers 开水boiled water 新到的商品newly arrived goods
1、一般用法
1）作表语，现在分词常表示特性，过去分词常表示状态。
His argument is very convincing. 他的论点很令人信服。They were very excited at the news.
2）作定语
Don’t disturb thesleeping child. The arrested murderer will be tried soon.那个被逮捕的杀人犯将受到审讯。
分词作定语的位置
You may ask the lady （who is） sitting atthe desk.
Those （who have been） elected ascommittee members will attend the meeting. （当选为委员的人）
3）作宾语（或主语）的补足语
He likes to sit on the beach and watch thesea gulls flying. （海鸥）
The work left everyone exhausted.
4）作状语
Hearing the knock on the door， theystopped talking. （= When they heard…。）
Asked to work overtime that evening， I missed awonderful film.（= As I was asked to…。）
They stood there waiting for the bus. （and werewaiting…。）
The bandits fled into the mountains， pursued bythe policemen.（and were pursued…。）
5） 分词的独立结构
The rain having stopped， thesoldiers continued their march.
The boys returned， their facecovered with sweat.
演变： The teacher entered the classroom， a bag （being） in his hand.
He stopped and turned about， his eyes （being） brightlyproud.
Breakfast over， he went tohis office.
She left the room with the candle burningon the table. He
wandered in without shoes or socks on.
6） 作插入语
Generally speaking， I preferrice to noodles. Judging from his
accent， he must be asoutherner.
2、体式和语态
Having been there many times， he offeredto be our guide.
Not having made adequate preparations， we postponedthe
sports meet.
Having studied hard during the term， he passedthe exam.
He is said to have studied hard and passedthe exam. Who is the
patient being operated on？
（三）动名词
1、一般用法
1）作主语和表语 Seeing isbelieving. My hobby is collecting stamps.
（1）形式主语it It is no use/good quarreling with her. Is it worthwhile tryingagain？
（2） There is no +V-ing There is no joking about this matter.
2） 作宾语
He enjoys listening to classical music. Wemust avoid making such mistakes again.
重点记忆
有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（未做）
forget doing忘记做过某事（已做过或已发生）
2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事后悔
5）try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试一试某种办法
6) mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味着
7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）
go on doing 继续（原先没做完的事情）
8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）
propose doing建议（做某事）
9) like /love/hate/ prefer 这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：I should like to see him tomorrow．
10) can’t help to do(不能帮助做)
be afraid to do 不敢去做... (是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕“)；
be afraid of doing 担心出现 ... 状况、结果。 (doing是客观上造成的，意为“生怕“)
什么是定语
定语是句子成分之一,可以由单词,短语或从句担当,对名(代)词修饰和限制.名(代)词称为中心词.
形容词作定语一般前置,短语和从句作定语要后置,翻译成"……的".
例如:
a_beautiful_girl_(形容词作前置定语)一个美丽的女孩
a_girl_in_white___(介词短语作后置定语)一个穿白色衣服的女孩
a_girl_who_is_singing_ (定语从句,a_girl为先行词)一个正唱歌的女孩
先行词是人(人或物)
定语从句定义：
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。例如：
The man who lives next to us sellsvegetables.
The fish which we bought were not fresh.
定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”，定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。
关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。
常用的关系代词有:
who/whom(指人)，whose(指人的或物的),which(指物),that(指人或物)。关系代词在从句中做主语,宾语和定语。
关系副词有: when(指时间),where(指地点),why(指原因)。
先行词和关系词的关系
1.A plane is a machine that can fly.
a machine = that
2.The boy who broke the window is calledTom.
the boy =who
3.The boy whose parents are dead wasbrought up
by his grandfather.the boy’s =whose
4.The school where I study is far from myhome.
in the school = where关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词
由关系代词引导的定语从句
I. That 在从句中作主语或宾语
1.指物
The plane is a machine that can fly.
2.指人
Let’s ask the man that is reading the bookover there.
II. Which 在从句中作主语或宾语(指物）
They planted the trees which didn’t needmuch water.
III. Who, whom 在从句中作主语和宾语（指人）
The foreigner who visited our schoolyesterday is from Canada.
修饰物体时关系代词that和 which的区分
使用that的情况：
1. 当先行词是all, everything,nothing, something, anything, everyone,everybody, nobody, anyone, anybody等不定代词时。
eg. Do you have anything that is importantto tell me?
2. 当先行词被all, any, some,no, not, every, each等修饰时。
eg. I have some books that are very good.
3.当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词所修饰时。
eg.This is the first book that I boughtmyself.
The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.
4. 当先行词被the very, thelast, the next, the only 等词修饰时。
eg. This is the very book that I lostyesterday.
5. 当先行词又有人又有物时。
eg. I won’t forget the things and thepersons that I saw.
只能使用which的情况
1.非限制性定语从句中。
eg. Mary has a book, which is veryprecious.
2.在介词之后。
eg. This is a house in which lives an oldman.
3.当主句中的主语被that修饰时。
eg. That dog which I found in the streetbelongs to Mary.
as与which的区别：
限制性定语从句中名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which
⑴和such连用，这时的as相当于who, which
Wendy is not such a fool as she looks.
⑵和same连用
You must show my friend the same respect asyou show me.
whose 在从句中作定语(指人也能指物）
The teacher praised the student whoseEnglish is the best in our class.
whose =the student’s
The house whose window is broken is mine.
whose=the house’s window
由“介词＋关系代词which (whom)”引导的定语从句词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成“介词＋关系代词which(whom)”引导的定语从句。
在英语里，把介词放在关系代词前的用法更加正式。
The ladder on which I was standing began toslip.我站的那个梯子开始滑动。（stand 与 on 搭配）
关系副词引导的定语从句
When 指时间
I still remember the day when I first cameto Beijing.
Where 指地点
This is the house where we lived last year.
Why 指原因
There are several reasons why we can’t dothat.
I still remember the day when I came here.
This is the house where I lived last year.
There are many reasons why people liketraveling.
I don’t like the way that you speak.
系副词和先行词的关系
关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词
限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句
1.与主句关系密切
2.不可省
3.无逗号与主句分开
4.常译作定语
非限制性定语从句
1.只是对先行词词义的补充
2.省去不影响主句意思
3.用逗号于主句分开
4.常译为并列句或从句
5指物或事只能用which
１）限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
I have a father who can speak Japanese.
我有一个会说日语的父亲（暗示不只有一个父亲）
I have a father, who can speak Japanese.
我有一个父亲，我的这个父亲会说日语。（暗示我只有一个父亲）
英语主谓一致用法
1)名词性从句及不定式、动名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
例. To finish the work in advanceis what he wants.
Smoking cigarettes is dangerous to yourhealth/
但是，what引导名词从句作主语时，其表语是复数形式时，系动词也可以是复数形式。
例. What webadly need here are qualified teachers.
2)当主语是单数，后面跟着由including,with,together with, along with,like, in addition to, as well as, rather than,but,except, more than,accompanied by等连接的短语时，谓语动词用单数。
例. Mary as well asher sister likes listening to music.
My bestfriend rather than anyone else hasgot the first prize in the speechcontest.
3) one, one of, every, everyone, everybody,each, many a, either,neither,no one, nobody, anyone, anybody,someone,somebody用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
例. Many a student doesn‘t like to do their homework.(many astudent＝manystudents)
Either of students is going to compete forthe president of the students‘ union. More than one person was involved inthecase.
Neither of the young men who had appliedfor a position in the university ____.
A) has been accepted
B) have been accepted
C) wasaccepted
D) wereaccepted
neither用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。此外，定语从句用过去完成时，主句应用一般过去时，故答案为C。
4)and所连接的两个单数名词作主语，指同一人、同一件事或同一概念时，其谓语动词用单数。例如：My best friend and adviser haschanged his mind again.
Bread, butter and eggs is typicalAmericanBreakfast.
5)表示时间、距离、重量、体积、金钱的复数名词，作主语时作为整体来看待，谓语动词通常用单数。
例. Fifty miles is toolong a distance for one to walk on foot.
Ten years has passed but he didn‘tchange atall.
6)a portion of , a series of, a kind of, abody of, aspecies of, a pair of名词作主语时，其谓语动词一般用单数形式。
例. A series of accidentshas occurred recently in America.
A pair of new glasses is quiteexpensive.
7)事件、机构、国名、作品等专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
例.
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn waswritten by Mark Twain and it is
an interesting book. TheUnited Nations isan organization to defend world peace.
8)就近一致
①由or, either…or, neither…nor, not… but…, not only…but also连接的并列成分作主语，谓语与靠近的主语一致：
Neither Mary nor her sister is going to theparty.
Not you but I am to blame.
② there be后有并列主语，be的数与靠得最近的主语一致：
There is an apple, two pears and some orangeson the plate.
9) all of (some of, none of, half of, mostof, lots of, rest of, plentyof)+名词”作主语，谓语动词与其中名词的数相一致。
Most of the people are against the plan.
Most of the Earth’s surface is covered bywater.
One of引导定从句，修饰复数是真谛，
10) 若有the only在前头，从句指的是单一。
Tom is one of the students who appear to befriendly; however, it is very hard to get along with him.
11) a great number of / a great many +名词复数+复谓；a greatdeal of + 不可数名词 +单谓；
A great deal of gift-giving, barter,buying, and selling goes on among the Navajos.
12）one and a half + 复数名词+单谓a + 单数名词 +and ahalf+单谓
例. One and a half bananas is left on the table.