第四类
237.Advocates also point to people who believe that the forces of natureare inhabited by spirits, particularlyshamans* who believe that an animal’s spirit and energy istransferred to them while in a trance.
238.The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified threeprincipal locations of paintings in thecaves of western Europe: (1) inobviously inhabited rock shelters andcave entrances; (2) in galleriesimmediately off the inhabitedareas of caves; and (3) in the inner reachesof caves, whose difficulty of access hasbeen interpreted by some as asign that magical-religious activitieswere performed there.
239.At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steamrather than by hand found it possible toproduce a thousand pages in anhour rather than thirty.
240.Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or 300 million years later inthe Jurassic strata but a trilobite-theubiquitous marine arthropod that hadits birth in the Cambrian-will never befound in Jurassic strata, nor adinosaur in the Cambrian.
241.While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shaleand in another sandstone, the fossils inthat shale or sandstone werealways the same.
242.The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land.
243.Greek civilization had quality; Rome,mere quantity.
244. Darwin held that many moreindividuals are produced than can findfood and survive into adulthood.
245.Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, butrather in bursts of intense laboralternating with more leisurely time.
246.Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowningto anger?
247.Consider Darwin'swords: "The free expression by outward signs of anemotion intensifies it.
248.For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain ritesessential to their well-being andabandoned them, nevertheless, theyretained as parts of theiroral tradition the myths that had grown up aroundthe rites and admired them for theirartistic qualities rather than for theirreligious usefulness.
249.Because some paintings were made directly over others, obliteratingthem, it is probable that a painting’svalue ended with the migration itpictured.
250.This opinion holds that the pictures and whatever ceremony theyaccompanied were an ancientmethod of psychologically motivatinghunters.
251.The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cavepaintings were mostly the ones that thepainters preferred for meat and formaterials such as hides.
252.When he grew older William Smith taught himself surveying frombooks he bought with his smallsavings and at the age of eighteen he wasapprenticed to a surveyor of the localparish.
253.Scientists felt that they could get an idea ofhow long the extinctionstook by determining how long it took todeposit this one centimeter of clayand they thought they could determine thetime it took to deposit the clayby determining the amount ofthe element iridium (lr) it contained.
254.Wildman and Nilesmake a summary comment: "Perhaps the mostimportant thing we learned isthe idea of theteacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simplybecause it is agood or even compelling idea."
255.Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is notalways associated with maximum diversity.
256.Even if the new population is of a different species, it canapproximately fill the nichevacated by the extinct population and keep thefood web intact.
257.Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catchthe wind, the plants are no bigger thanthey need be, their stems arehollow, and all the rigiditycomes from their water content.
258.By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds arekilled each year when they collide withbuildings made of plate glass, 57million are killed on highwayseach year; at least 3.8 million die annuallyfrom pollution and poisoning; andmillions of birds are electrocuted eachyear by transmission and distributionlines carrying power produced bynuclear and coal power plants.
259.A recent Douglas biographer states:" Thedeer which oncepicturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone[in 1832],hunted to extermination in order to protectthe crops."
260.Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer ofsediment deposited from thedust cloud that enveloped the planet after theimpact.
261.Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditionsremained.
262.Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of thedinosaurs was caused by climaticalterations associated with slowchanges in the positions ofcontinents and seas resulting from platetectonics.
263.The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked inthe permafrost layer under the surface,with more contained in the planet’spolar caps.
264.But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble whenpaleoecologist Glen MacDonalddemonstrated that some of the mostimportant radiocarbon datesused to support the existence of an ice-freecorridor were incorrect.
265.Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands ofmiles from more ancient lands anddeposited at random across the baremountain flanks.
266.Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptationsresemble features designed toimprove the aerodynamics of high-speedaircraft.
267.Those queried ranged from European college students to members ofthe Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guineahighlands.