1.8 第六章 介词、连词、感叹词(Preposition、conjunction、interjection...
第六章 介词、连词、感叹词(Preposition、conjunction、interjection)

1.介词(preposition)

介词又叫前置词,一般位于名词之前,它是一种虚词,一般不重读,在句中不单独做成分,只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。

1)介词的用法

⑴表持续时间since, for, in, after的用法

since 接过去的某时间点, 常用于完成时

for 接一段具体的时间, 常用于完成时

in + 一段时间与非延续性动词连用, 表一段时间以后, 多用于将来时; 与延续性动词连用, 表一段时间内, 时态不限

after + 一段时间,常用于过去时

例如:

I have worked here since 2006.

自从2006年,我在这里工作。

I haven’t heard from her since writing last.

我再也没有收到她的信自从她写到最后一封。

I haven’t seen him for three years.

我没有见到她已经三年了。

He has lived here for ten years.

他住在这里已经十年了。

I will come to see you again in three days.

三天后我再来看你。

The work will be finished in ten days.

十天后这个工作就会完成。

⑵at, in, on 的用法

①表示地点时 at, in, on 的用法

at 表示在较小的地方(村庄, 小城镇, 门牌)

in 表示在较大的地方(国家,城市); 在某物范围内

on 表示在某物上(表面接触); road 前用on, street前用in/on; 楼层用on; farm前用on, field前用in

例如:

We will meet at the bus station.

我们将在公共汽车站见面。

He lived at No.5 Chang’an Street.

他住在长安街5号。

More and more people like to live in the city.

越来越多的人喜欢生活在城市。

There are more than 1300 million people in China.

中国有超过了13亿的人口。

There is a book on the desk.

桌子上有本书。

There is a picture on the wall.

墙上有一幅画。

②at, on, in表时间的用法 :

A. at表示时间的一点;in表示一个时期;on表示特殊日子

at后常接几点几分,天明,中午,日出,日落,开始等。如:

at four o’clock (四点),at down (黎明),at daybreak (天亮),at sunrise (日 出), at noon (中午),at sunset (日落),at midnight (半夜),at the beginning of the month (月初), at that time (那时),at that moment (那会儿),at this time of day (在一天的这个时候)。

B.in后常接年,月,日期,上午,下午,晚上,白天,季节,世纪等。如:

in 2000(2000年),in May,2006 (2006年五月),in the morning (早晨/上午),in the afternoon (下午),in the evening (晚上),in the night (夜晚),in the daytime (白天),in the 21st century (21世纪),in three days (weeks/month)三天(周/个月),in a week (一周),in spring (春季)。

C. on后跟某日,星期几,某日的朝夕,节日等,即具体某一天及其早、中、晚。

on Sunday (星期日),on a warm morning in April (四月的一个温暖的上午),on a December night (12月的一个夜晚),on that afternoon (那天下午),on the following night (下一个晚上),on Christmas afternoon (圣诞节下午),on October 1,1949 (1949年10月1日),on New Year’s Day.

(特别提示): 在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词

⑶表方位的介词in, on, to, off的区别

Guangdong lies ___ the south of China and Fujian is ___ the east of it. Hainan is _____ the coast of the mainland.

A. in; in; on B. in; on; off C. on; to; on D. in; to; away

in 表示在境内

on 表示相邻或在边界上, 不在境内

to 表示在境外, 不接壤

off 表示在海面上靠近海岸的地方

E. 表示运动方向的介词

for 表示“(方向、倾向)向,往”

off 表示“从…离开”“从…下来”

toward(s), to ,for都可表示“方向” toward(s)只表示动作的方向,与到达与否无关,to表示到达的目的地,for表示目的地,和to表目的地是前面动词不同,for常与leave/start/set out/sail等连用,to常go/come/return等连用。例如:

I leave for Guangzhou.

我动身去广州。

we get to the train station.

我们到达了火车站。

They walk towards the town.

他们朝着那个乡镇走去。

We step off the train.

我们走下火车。

⑷表示“经过”“穿过”“通过”的介词

①across 表示“从这一边到那一边”;穿过物体表面,或横过。如,road, bridge, river。

She ran across the bridge.

她从桥上跑过去。

Tom walked across the road.

汤姆从马路上走过去。

②by 表示“从人或事物旁边经过”,意义与past相似

Tom stands by the door.

汤姆站在门旁边。

③over 表示“从人或事物上空经过、越过”

They climbed over the mountain.

他们翻过了这座山。

④past 表示“从人或事物旁边经过”,意义与by相似

⑤through 表示“从事物的里面穿过”或“从长形物的一头到另一头”。 如: city, woods, forests, window, gate。

The train passed through the tunnel.

列车穿过了隧道。

The visitors went through a big gate into another park.

参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园

注:across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过…”时只能用over.。如:

There is a bridge across/over the river.

河上有座桥。

They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.

他们翻过大山提前到达了那里。

Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.

就在那时一只老鼠跑过路面。

⑸表示“遍及” 的介词

Throughout / all over / all along / all around, etc

The news spread throughout Europe.

这个消息传遍了整个欧洲。

It is used by travelers and business people all over the world.

全世界的游人和生意人都使用它。

There are trees all along the river banks.

沿着河岸长满了树。

⑹表示“除…… 之外”的介词

Nancy usually goes to work on time ___ D __.

A. except for raining days  B. besides it rains

C. but that it rains     D. except on rainy days

except“除……之外”,指不包括……,后面常接名词、代词(人称代词常用宾格),还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式,此时相当于but,但不定式常不带to。

except for“除了,只有”,意思和except一样,主要指说明基本情况后,而在细节上加以修正,后面常接名词性短语。

except that“除了,只是”,意思和except、except for一样。但在用法上,主要指其后常接名词性从句,也可接when、where等词引导的其他从句。

but所含“除……外”的意思不如except明确。but多用在代词(主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词)之后。

besides表示“除……外还有”,所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外,besides可用作副词,相当于also,有“而且,加之,何况”之意。

beside也是介词,表示“在附近”,只不过形似besides,容易相互混淆。

Every one of us, except Nancy, went to climb the mountain.

除了南希外,我们都去爬山。

She is a beautiful girl except for her small eyes.

她是一个漂亮的女孩,只是眼睛有点小。

Her paper is very good except that some punctuation marks are omitted.

他的文章写得很好,除了某些标点符号遗漏外。

The goods have a good quality, besides low price.

这个商品除了价格低外,质量也很好。

⑺表示方式、方法、手段的常用介词

①by 表示“用(方法、手段、途径等)”或意为“乘坐(交通工具) ”,后接的名词前面通常不用冠词。或跟V-ing形式

She goes to school by bike.

她骑车上学。

The paper was broken by knife.

纸是用刀子划烂的。

② in 表示“用(方式、材料、途径、语言)”。

They talk in French.

他们用法语交谈。

The book is bound in leather.

这本精装书是皮面的。

③with 表示“带着,伴随”,后接具体的工具,手段、材料或其他行为方式。

They dig the wall with a pick.

他们用镐挖墙。

We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.

我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路。

④through 表示“以(方法、手段) ”“经由”。

I met her through her sister.

我是通过她姐姐认识她的。

注意:by、in与with表示方式的用法区别:都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以……方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。

⑻表示“开始”的用法,几种介词用法的比较

at the beginning of, in the beginning, at first;

①at the beginning of 表示 “在……开头”

At the beginning of this term, I have a good impression in our Chinese teacher.

在这学期初,我对语文老师印象很好。

②at first 最初,首先。

We didn't trust him at first, but his charming manner completely disarmed us.

我们开始时并不信任他,但他富有魅力的举止完全消除了我们的疑虑。

At first he refused to accept any responsibility but he ended up apologizing.

最初他拒不承认有任何责任, 到头来还是道了歉.

At first we used hand tools.

首先我们使用手工工具。

③in the beginning起初,当初

In the beginning, I found it so hard to study English.

起初,我发现学英语很难。

In the beginning,some of us took no interest in physics.

起初我们有些人对物理不感兴趣。

⑼as与like的区别:

两个词都表示“像……”,但是as译为“作为……”,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,而like译为“像……一样”,表示外表,不是事实。如:Let me speak to you as a mother.我以母亲的身份和你讲话。(说话者是听者的母亲) / Let me speak to you like a mother.让我像一位母亲一样和你讲话。(说话者不是听者的母亲)

⑽表示“结尾”的用法;

at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法区别

①at the end of…既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为“在…末;在…尽头”,常与过去时连用。

The cold weather at last broke at the end of March.

寒冷的天气终于在三月末结束了。

At the end of the third scene the actress exits.

该女演员于第三场结束时退场。

②by the end of…只能表示时间,译为“在…前;到…为止”,常用于过去完成时。

By the end of last term we had learned one thousand words.

到上学期期末我们已经学习了一千个单词。

③in the end与at last基本等义,表示“终于、最后”,通常用于过去时;

In the end, they sang a song together for the last time.

最后,他们最后一次一起唱了首歌。

Everything will be all right in the end.

最后一切都会好起来的。

In the end he succeeded in the final exams.

他最终在期末考试中考及格了。

④at last 最终

At last,they won the game.

最终,他们赢得了这场比赛。

At last they climbed over the mountain.

他们终于翻过了这座大山。

I finished my homework at last.

我终于完成了作业。

⑤to the end译为“到…的终点为止”,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。

We should go on with the work to the end.

我们应该把工作干到底。

Follow this road to the end and you will see a bank.

沿这条路走到底就能看见一家银行。

⑾for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的区别:

①for a moment“一会儿、片刻”(=for a while),常与持续性动词连用;

②for the moment“暂时、目前”,常用于现在时;

③in a moment“一会儿、立即、马上”(=soon; in a few minutes),一般用于将来时;

④at the moment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于现在进行时。

如:

Please wait for a moment.

请稍等。

Let’s leave things as they are for the moment.

暂时就维持现状吧!

I’ll return your bike in a moment.

我过会儿归还你的自行车。

She is very busy at the moment.

眼下她很忙。

⑿in front of 与in the front of:

in front of“在…的前面”,(外部的前面) 与in the front of“在…的前部”。(内部的前面)如:

A car was parking in front of the building.

大楼跟前停着一辆汽车。

In the front of the hall stood a big desk.

大厅前部立着一个大讲台。

⒀but的问题:

用介词but引出另一个动词时,要注意:如果前面有do,后面就用原形动词,前面没有do时,后面的动词要加to。如:

I could do nothing but wait.

我什么也做不了只能等。

They had no choice(选择) but to accept.

他们没有选择只有接受。

⒁about, on, of 关于

on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于“学术上”的“论文”或“演说”等题目,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读,有“论及”之意。

about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式,有“述及”之意。

of作“关于”讲,表示提及、涉及某人(事)时,只表示事情存在或

发生,并不涉及详情;有时与about意义相近,但有时意义很不同,常与动词know、hear、learn(听说)、speak、talk、think、tell等连用如:

He is making a report on the international situation.

他正在作一篇关于国际形势的报告。

They are discussing on questions of preserving environment.

他们正在讨论关于保护环境的问题。

He is thinking about weather going to attend the meeting.

他正在考虑是否参加会议。

I have heard of him.

我听说过他。

⒂between, among(表位置) “在…..之间”

①between仅用于二者之间,但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时,也可用between, 如

I’m standing between Tom and Alice.

我站在汤姆和爱丽丝之间。

These books were written between 1930 and 1949.

这些书写于一九三零至一九四九年之间。

There is a car between two building.

在两栋楼之间有辆小汽车!

②among用于三者或三者以上之间。如:

He is the best among the students.

他是最优秀的学生。

She is the youngest of the family.

她是这个家庭中最幼小的一个。

London is among the greatest cities of the world.

伦敦是世界上最大的城市之一。

⒃介词和形容词的搭配

形容词与介词的常见惯用搭配

①be+形容词+about

be angry about 为…生气

She was still angry about the result.

她对结果仍然感到很愤怒。

be anxious about 为…忧虑

be careful about 当心…

be certain about 确信…

be curious about 对…好奇

be disappointed about 对…感到失望

be excited about 对…感到兴奋

be glad about 对…感到高兴

be happy about 为…感到高兴

be hopeful about 对…抱有希望

be mad about 对…入迷

be nervous about 为…感到不安

be particular about 对…讲究

be sad about 为…而难过

be serious about 对…认真

be sure about 对…有把握

be worried about 为…担忧

②be+形容词+at

be angry at 为…生气

be bad at 不善于…

be clever at 擅长于…

be disappointed at 对…感到失望

be expert at 在…方面是内行

be good at 善于…

be mad at 对…发怒

be quick at 在…方面敏捷

be skillful at 在…方面熟练

be slow at 在…方面迟钝

③be+形容词+for

be anxious for 渴望

be bad for 对…有害,对…不行

be bound for 前往

be celebrated for 以…出名

be convenient for 对…方便

be eager for 渴望

be famous for 因…闻名

be fit for 合适,适合

be good for 对…有益(方便)

be grateful for 感谢

be hungry for 渴望得到

be late for 迟到

be necessary for 对…有必要

be ready for 为…准备好

be sorry for 因…抱歉

be suitable for 对…合适(适宜)

be thankful for 因…而感激

be well-known for 以…出名

④ be+形容词+from

be absent from 缺席,不在

be different from 与…不同

be far from 离…远,远远不

be free from 没有,免受

be safe from 没有…的危险

be tired from 因…而疲劳

⑤be+形容词+in

be concerned in 与…有关

be disappointed in 对(某人)感到失望

be engaged in 从事于,忙于

be experienced in 在…方面有经验

be expert in 在…方面是行家

be fortunate in 在…方面幸运

be honest in 在…方面诚实

be interested in 对…感兴趣

be lacking in 缺乏

be rich in 富于

be skillful in 擅长于

be successful in 在…方面成功

be weak in 在…方面不行

⑥be+形容词+of

be afraid of 害怕

be ashamed of 为…感到羞愧

be aware of 意识到,知道

be capable of 能够,可以

be careful of 小心,留心

be certain of 确信,对…有把握

be fond of 喜欢

be free of 没有,摆脱

be full of 充满

be glad of 为…而高兴

be nervous of 害怕

be proud of 为…自豪

be short of 缺乏

be shy of 不好意思

be sick of 对…厌倦

be sure of 肯定,有把握

be tired of 对…厌烦

be worthy of 值得,配得上

⑦be+形容词+to

be accustomed to 习惯于

be blind to 对…视而不见

be close to 靠近,接近

be cruel to 对…残酷,对…无情

be devoted to 献身于,专心于

be equal to 等于,能胜任

be familiar to 为(某人)所熟悉

be harmful to 对…有危害

be important to 对…重要

be open to 对…开放,易受到

be opposed to 反对,不赞成

be opposite to 在…对面,和…相反

be polite to 对…有礼貌

be related to 与…有关,与…有亲戚关系be respectful to尊敬

be rude to 对…无礼

be similar to 与…相似

be true to 忠实于,信守

be used to 习惯于

be useful to 对…有用

⑧ be+形容词+with

be angry with 对(某人)生气

be bored with 对…厌烦

be busy with 忙于

be careful with 小心

be concerned with 关于,与…有关

be content with 以…为满足

be delighted with 对…感到高兴

be disappointed with 对(某人)失望

be familiar with 熟悉,精通

be honest with 对(某人)真诚

be ill with 患…病

be patient with 对(某人)有耐心

be pleased with 对…满意(高兴)

be popular with 受…欢迎

be strict with 对(某人)严格

2. 连词(conjunction)

连词是一种虚词,用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子,在句子中不单独用作句子成分。

1)连词的分类

连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子,如and, but, or, for等;从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等),引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether等,引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。

2)连词的用法

①并列连词的用法表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 but, yet 等。如:

Someone borrowed my bike, but I don’t remember who.

有人借了我的自行车,但我不记得是谁了。

He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us.

他说他是我们的朋友,但却不肯帮助我们。

②表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 for, so 等。如:

The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor.

这孩子咳得很厉害,所以他妈妈带他去看医生。

You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors.

你们一定要克服粗枝大叶,因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。

注意:for表示结果通常不能放句首,也不能单独使用。

③表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and , or , either…or , neither…nor , not only…but (also) , both…and , as well as 等。如:

Lily didn’t go and Nancy didn’t go either.

莉莉没去,南希也没去。

The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold.

今天天气很温暖,不冷也不热。

Both Beijing and Shanghai are big cities.

北京和上海都是大城市。

It is important for you as well as for me.

这对你和对我都很重要。

Girls who were either under age or over age may not join the army.

年龄不到或者超龄的女孩子都不得参军。

⑵从属连词的用法

⑴并列连词的用法

①引导时间状语从句的从属连词

A.表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever。如:

Don’t talk while you’re eating.

吃饭时不要说话。

Fruits are nutritious when they are fresh.

水果新鲜时最有营养。

I came just as she was leaving.

她正要走时我来了。

B.表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after。如:

Try to finish your homework before you go to bed.

睡觉前设法把作也做完。

After we have finished our task, we will have a good rest.

完成任务后,我们将好好放松放松。

C.表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till。如:

She’s been studying English since she was four.

她从四岁起就开始学习英语了。

Hold on until I fetch help.

坚持一下,等我找人来帮忙。

Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you.

(谚)不要无事惹事。

D.表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。如:

I’ll call you as soon as I get here.

我一到达那里就给你打电话。

The moment I have finished I’ll give you a call.

我一干完就给你打电话。

He left immediately he heard the news.

她一听到这个消息,马上就走了。

Once you make up your mind, you must continue.

你一旦下定决心, 便应该坚持下来。

E.表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次),each time(每次),(the))next time(下次),any time(随时),(the))last time(上次),the first time(第一次)。如:

I’ll remind him about it (the) next time I see him.

我下一次见到他时,我就提醒他这件事。

We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands.

每当我们洗手的时候,我们都要损失一些皮肤细胞。

You can call me any time you want to.

你随时都可以给我打电话。

注意:every time, each time, any time前不用冠词,(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略,而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。

②引导条件状语从句的从属连词。这类连词主要有if, unless, as [so] long as, in case 等。如:

Do you mind if I smoke?

我吸烟你不介意吧?

Don’t do it so unless I permit.

除非我允许,否则你别那样做。

As long as you’re happy,it doesn’t matter what you do.

只要你高兴,你做什么都没关系。

In case it rains they will stay at home.

万一下雨,他们就待在家里。

注意:在条件状语从句中,通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态。不过,有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will,但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。如:

If you will wait for a moment, I’ll tell the manager you’re here.

请稍等, 我这就通知经理说您来了。

③引导目的状语从句的从属连词。主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。如:

He sounded loudly so that audience could hear.

他大声唱起来,以便观众能见。

Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains.

带上雨伞,以防下雨。

She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand.

她把那些指示慢慢重复了一遍好让他听明白。

④引导结果状语从句的从属连词。主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等。如:

I get up early this morning so that I am not late.

我今天起床得很早, 所以没有迟到

I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over.

我摔了许多跤,以至于全身都是青一块紫一块的。

He shut the window with such force that the glass broke.

他关窗子用力很大, 结果玻璃震破了。

⑤引导原因状语从句的从属连词。主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等。如:

He is absent today because he is ill.

他今天缺席了,因为他生病了。

As you are sorry,I’ll forgive you.

既然你悔悟了,我就原谅你。

Since he was busy, he didn’t attend the meeting.

因为他很忙,所以他没参加会议。

Seeing that he’s ill he’s unlikely to come.

因为他病了,他大概不会来了。

Now that she has apologized, I am content.

既然她已经道了歉, 我也就满意了。

⑥引导让步状语从句的从属连词。主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。如:

Although they are twins, they look entirely different.

他们虽是孪生, 但是相貌却完全不同。

I like her even though she can be annoying.

尽管她有时很恼人, 但我还是喜欢她。

You won’t move that stone, however strong you are.

不管你力气多大, 也休想搬动那块石头。

Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support.

我们取得的一切成就都归功于你们的支持。

Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way.

不管你是谁,你都不能从这里通过。

Whenever I see him I speak to him.

每当我见到他,我都和他讲话。

⑦引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要的有as, as if, as though, the way等。如:Why didn’t you follow me as I told you to?

你怎么不按我说的做呢?

He looks as if he has seen a ghost.

他像见了鬼似的。

Nobody else loves you the way (=as) I do.

没有人像我这样爱你。

⑧引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。如:

The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple.

这座教堂盖在一座罗马寺庙的旧址。

I’ll take you anywhere you like.

你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。

Everywhere I go,I find the same thing.

不管我走到哪里,我都发现同样情况。

⑨引导比较状语从句的从属连词。主要的有than和as…as。如:

He was now better than he had ever been.

现在他比过去任何时候都过的好。

I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought.

我看了看表,时间比我想象的早。

He doesn’t work as hard as she does.

他工作不像她那样努力。

⑩引起名词从句的从属连词。主要有that, whether, if 等,它们用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中that 不仅没不充当句子成分,而且没有词义,在句子中只起连接作用;而 if, whether 虽不充当句子成分,但有词义,即表示“是否”。如:

She said that she was going to travel abroad next week.

她回答说她将下周去国外旅行。

I wonder if it’s good enough.

我不知道它是否足够好。

I worry about whether he is ill.

我为是否他生病了而担心。

3. 感叹词(Interjection)

感叹词是用来表示说话时表达的喜怒哀乐等情感的词。它不构成后面句子的一个语法成分,却在意义上与它有关联,后面的句子一般说明这种情绪的性质、原因。感叹词是英语口语中最富于表现力的词语之一,用途甚广。学会它,对于提高英语的交际能力,表达复杂的思想起着举足轻重的作用。现将部分感叹词的用法进行小结:

1)感叹词的位置

感叹词通常位于句首,用逗号或感叹号隔开,意义较强时用感叹号,否则用逗号。感叹词间或也可放在句子中。

2)感叹词的用法

⑴Oh 表示惊讶、指责、痛苦、称赞、懊恼等,可译为“哦”、“哎呀”、“噢”“啊”、“呀”等。

Oh, what a beautiful flower!

啊!多么漂亮的一朵花!(表称赞)

Oh, learned speaker! Oh, wise young man.

噢,博学的演讲者!噢,聪明的年轻人。(称赞)

"Oh, who was that?" Tom asked.

“哦,是谁?”汤姆问。(惊讶)

"Oh, oh!”He cried. "My stomach ! My head! Oh! Oh!

“哎呀,哎哟!”他大声道,“我的肚子!我的头!哎哟!哎哟!”(表痛苦)

Oh, don’t do it again.

嗳,不要再做它了。(指责)

⑵Ah表示惊奇、高兴、讨厌、懊悔、藐视、威胁等,可译为“呀、啊”等。

Ah, that’s right.

嗯,这样就对了。(同意)

Ah! So you are back now!

啊!你回来了!(高兴)

Ah, yes, Jean married a man with a lot of money.

啊,对啦,珍妮嫁给了一个很有钱的人。(藐视)

Ah, how pitiful!

呀,多可惜!(懊悔)

Ah, here is the thing I am after.

哎呀,我找的东西在这儿呢。(惊奇)

⑶come表示鼓励、不耐烦、引起注意、安慰等,可译为“喂、好吧、说吧、得啦”等。

Oh, come, Lucy. Surely you can tell an old friend.

嗨,说吧,露西,你对老朋友说说总是可以的吧。(安慰)

Come, we must hurry.

喂,我们得赶紧啦!(引起注意)

Come, come, get him his change. Jim, get him his change.

好吧,好吧,吉姆,快把钱找给他,快把钱找给他。(不耐烦)

Come, come! What were you really doing behind the bicycle sheds?

喂!喂!你还在车棚里磨蹭啥?

⑷dear表示后悔、难过、怜悯、同情、吃惊、盼望等,可译为“哎呀、天哪”等。

Dear! What awful weather!

哎呀! 多糟的天气!

Oh, dear, dear! Where can Harry be?

天哪,天哪,亨利会在哪儿?

Dear, dear! Where have I put my keys?

哎呀,我把钥匙放在哪啦?

"Dear me," he said to himself, "Am I foolish or unfit for my office?"

"哎呀!"他心里嘀咕着,“我是愚蠢呢还是不称职?”

⑸well表示快慰、让步、期望、讥讽、解释、责备、犹豫等,可译为“好吧、不过、好啦、嗯”等。

Well, your mother has found him in the backyard.

好啦,你母亲在后院里找到他了。

Are you sure? Well, perhaps you are right.

你能肯定吗?嗯,也许你说得对。

Well, you must come to breakfast tomorrow.

不过,你明天一定要来吃早饭。

I handed the note to him and said, "Oh, very well, I apologize."

我把那张票子递给了他,说道:“啊,好极了,我向你道歉。”

Well, why don't you make a notice like theirs?

那么,你为什么不做个像他们那样的广告牌呢?

⑹now 表示警告、命令、请求、说明、安慰等,可译为“喂、喏、好了”等,有时也可不必译出。

Now, now, you two; don’t fight again.

喂,喂,你们俩,别再打了。

Now, now, my boy! It's all right! There's no need to cry!

好了,好了,孩子,没事了,别哭了。

Now, let's play football.

喏,咱们踢足球吧!

Now, lift me up, Doctor, lift me up. Where is he?

把我扶起来吧,医生,把我扶起来。他在哪里?

⑺there表示得意、鼓励、同情、悲哀、不耐烦、失望、安慰、挑衅、引起注意等,可译为“哟、瞧、好啦、得啦”等。

There! There! Never mind, you'll soon feel better.

好啦,好啦,不要紧,你马上会好的。

There, there, you said too much.

得啦,得啦,你说的太多了。

There, I've filled it up again.

瞧,我又把它灌满了。

There, what's that?哟,那是什么!

⑻man表示兴奋、轻蔑、不耐烦、引起注意、可译为“啊、嗨”等。

"Use you knife, man!" ordered the British officer nearby.

“嗨,用刀子割!”旁边的英国军官命令道。

Hurry up, man. 嗨,快点。

We have won the match, man!

啊,我们胜利了。

⑼boy表示高兴、兴奋、惊奇等,可译为“嘿、哇、哼、怎么样”等。

Boy, oh, boy! Our team's going to win! How fantastic?

哇,怎么样!我们队要赢了!真是太好了!

Boy! This soup is good, Mama!

嘿,妈妈,这汤好得很。

Oh, boy! I just had a wonderful dream!

嘿,我刚才做了个好梦。

⑽此外还有:ha(惊奇、疑惑、鄙视)

Ha! Proud as these nobles are, he is afraid to see me.

哈!这些贵族尽管傲慢,他却害怕见到我。

aha(得意、惊奇、嘲弄、满意)

The trousers are all right; now the waistcoat; aha, right again.

裤子合身;再请穿上背心试试;啊哈,也很合适。

hey(喜悦、打招呼)

Hey! I didn't expect to meet you here.

嗨,我没想到会在这儿遇到你。

sh(制止、引起注意)

They were about to go down when Tum suddenly whispered. "Sh! Keep still.Don't move!"他们正想再下去,这时托姆突然低声道:“嘘,安静,别动!”

why(吃惊、抗议)

Why, what's the harm? 咳,这有什么害处呢?

nonsense(胡说)

"Nonsense," the king shouted. "My cook is the best cook in the world."

“胡说!”那国王喊道,“我的厨师是世界上最好的厨师。”

Good heavens(惊异、不高兴)

Good heavens! Listen to that silly child," said the father.

“天哪!听听那傻孩子在瞎说些什么!”孩子的父亲说。