参考文献
Writings of Robert K. Merton in the Sociology of Science Books（listed in order of publication）
Science，Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.In Osiris：Studies on the History and Philosophy of Science.Bruges，Belgium：Saint Catherine Press，Ltd.，1938. With new preface. New York：Howard Fertig，Inc.，1970；paperback edition，New York：Harper & Row，1970.
Social Theory and Social Structure.New York：The Free Press，1949. Revised edition，1957. Enlarged edition，1968.
The Student-Physician：Introductory Studies in the Sociology of Medical Education. ［Coedited with G. G. Reader and P. L. Kendall］ Cambridge：Harvard University Press，1957.
On the Shoulders of Giants：A Shandean Postscript.New York：The Free Press，1965；paperback edition，New York：Harcourt Brace Jovanovich，Inc.，1967.
On Theoretical Sociology.New York：The Free Press，1967.
Papers（listed in order of publication）
Papers marked with an* are included in this volume.
“The Course of Arabian Intellectual Development，700—1300 A.D.” ［With P. A. Sorokin］ Isis 22（February 1935）：516—524.
“Fluctuations in the Rate of Industrial Invention.”The Quarterly Journal of Economics 49（May 1935）：454—470.
*“Science and Military Technique.”Scientific Monthly 41（December 1935）：542—545.
“The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action.”American Sociological Review 1（1936）：894—904.
“Puritanism，Pietism，and Science.”Sociological Review 28（January 1936）：1—30.
“Civilization and Culture.”Sociology and Social Research 21（November-December 1936）：103—113.
“Some Economic Factors in Seventeenth Century English Science.”Scientia：Revista di Scienza 62（1973）：142—152.
“Science，Population and Society.”The Scientific Monthly 44（February 1937）：165—171.
“Social Time：A Methodological and Functional Analysis.” ［With Pitirim A. Sorokin］The American J ournal of Sociology 42（March 1937）：615—629.
“Sociological Aspects of Invention，Discovery and Scientific Theories.” ［With P. A. Sorokin］ In P. A. Sorokin，Social and Cultural Dynamics.New York：American Book Company，1937.
“The Sociology of Knowledge.”Isis，27（November 1937）：493—503.
“Social Structure and Anomie.”American Sociological Review 3（1938）：672—682.
*“Science and the Social Order.”Philosophy of Science 5（1938）：321—337.
“Science and the Economy of Seventeenth Century England.”Science and Society 3（Winter 1939）：3—27.
“Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Knowledge.”The Journal of Liberal Religion 2（Winter 1941）：125—147.
*“Znaniecki’s The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge.” American Sociological Review 6（February 1941）：111—115.
*“Science and Technology in a Democratic Order.”Journal of Legal and Political Science 1（October 1942）：115—126.
“Role of the Intellectual in Public Bureaucracy.”Social Forces 23（May 1945）：405—415.
*“Sociology of Knowledge.” In Twentieth Century Sociology，edited by Georges Gurvitch and Wilbert E. Moore. New York：Philosophical Library，1945.
“Mass Persuasion：A Technical Problem and a Moral Dilemma.” Chapter 7 in Robert K. Merton，Marjorie Fiske，and Alberta Curtis，Mass Persuasion. New York：Harper & Brothers，1946；Westport：Greenwood Press，1971.
“The Machine，the Worker，and the Engineer.”Science 105（24 January 1947）：79—84.
“Selected Problems of Field Work in the Planned Community.”American Sociological Review 12（June 1947）：304—312.
“The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy.”The Antioch Review，Summer 1948，193—210.
*“The Role of Applied Social Science in the Formation of Policy.”Philosophy o f Science 16（July 1949）：161—181.
“Election of Polling Forecasts and Public Images of Social Science.”［With Paul K. Hatt］ The Public Opinion Quarterly 13（Summer 1949）：185—222.
“Comparison of Wissenssoziologie and Mass Communications Research.” In Robert K. Merton，Social Theory and Social Structure.1949；enlarged edition，New York：The Free Press，1968.
“Introduction：Sociology of Science.” In Robert K. Merton，Social Theory and Social Structure.1949；New York：The Free Press，1968.
“Social Scientists and Research Policy.”［With Daniel Lerner］ In The Policy Sciences，edited by Daniel Lerner and Harold D. Lasswell. Stanford：Stanford University Press，1951.
“The Research Budget.” In Research Methods in Social Relations，edited by Marie Jahoda，Morton Deutsch and Stuart W. Cook. New York：Dryden Press，1951. pp. 342—351.
*“Foreword” to Science and the Social Order，by Bernard Barber. New York：The Free Press，1952.
“Brief Bibliography for the Sociology of Science.”［With Bernard Barber］ In American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Proceedings 80（May 1952）：140—154.
“Foreword” to Character and Social Structure，by Hans Gerth and C. W. Mills. New York：Harcourt Brace & World，1953.
“The Knowledge of Man”. In The Unity of Knowledge，edited by Lewis Leary. New York：Doubleday，1955.
“Studies in the Sociology of Medical Education”［With Samuel Bloom and Natalie Rogoff］Journal of Medical Education 31（August 1956）：552—565.
*“Priorities in Scientific Discovery：A Chapter in the Sociology of Science，”American Sociological Review 22（December 1957）：635—659.
“Some Preliminaries to a Sociology of Medical Education.” In The StudentPhysician，edited by R. K. Merton，G.G. Reader and P. Kendall. Cambridge：Harvard University Press，1957.
“Bibliographical Postscript to ‘Puritanism，Pietism and Science’.” In Robert K. Merton，Social Theory and Social Structure.1957；New York：The Free Press，1968.
“Procedures for the Sociological Study of the Value Climates of Medical Schools.” ［with Richard Christie］ In The Ecology of the Medical Student，edited by H. H. Gee and R. J. Glaser. Evanston，Ill.：Association of American Medical Colleges，1958.
“Medical Education as a Social Process.”［With P. L. Kendall］ In Patients，Physicians and Illness，edited by E. G. Jaco. Glencoe：Free Press，1958.
“The Scholar and the Craftsman.”In Critical Problems in the History of Science，edited by Marshall Clagett. Madison：University of Wisconsin Press，1959.
“Notes on Problem-Finding in Sociology.” In Sociology Today，edited by R. K. Merton，L. Broom and L. S. Cottrell. New York：Basic Books，1959.
*“‘Recognition’ and ‘Excellence’：Instructive Ambiguities.” In Recognition of Excellence，edited by A .Yarmolinsky. New York：Free Press，1960.
“The Mosaic of the Behavioral Sciences.” In The Behavioral Sciences Today，edited by Bernard Berelson. New York：Basic Books，1960.
*“Singletons and Multiples in Scientific Discovery：A Chapter in the Sociology of Science.” In American Philosophical Society. Proceedings 105（13 October 1961）：470—486.
*“Social Conflict over Styles of Sociological Work.” In Fourth World Congress of Sociology. Transactions.Louvain，Belgium：International Sociological Association，1961. 3：21—36.
“Notes on Sociology in the U.S.S.R.” ［With Henry Riecken］ Current Problems in Social-Behavioral Research.Symposia Studies Series No.10.Washington，D.C.：The National Institute of Social and Behavioral Science，1962. pp.7—14.
*“Resistance to the Systematic Study of Multiple Discoveries in Science.”European Journal of Sociology 4（1963）：237—282.
*“The Ambivalence of Scientists.”Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital.112（1963）：77—97.
*“Sorokin’s Formulations in the Sociology of Science.”［With Bernard Barber］ In P. A. Sorokin in Review，edited by P. J. Allen. Durham，N.C.：Duke University Press，1963.
“Basic Research and Potentials of Relevance.”American Behavioral Scientist 6（May 1963）：86—90.
“Practical Problems and the Uses of Social Science.” ［With Edward C. Devereux，Jr.］ Transaction 1（1964）：18—21.
“Foreword” to The Technological Society，by Jacques Ellul. New York：A. Knopf，1964.
“The Environment of the Innovating Organization.” In The Creative Organization，edited by Gary Steiner. Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1965.
“On the History and Systematics of Sociological Theory” and “On Sociological Theories of the Middle Range.” In Robert K. Merton，On Theoretical Sociology.New York：The Free Press，1967.
*“The Matthew Effect in Science：the Reward and Communication Systems of Science.”Science 199（5 January 1968）：55—63.
“Observations on the Sociology of Science.”Japan-American Forum 14（April 1968）：18—28.
“Seminars Without Constraint.”The Columbia University Forum 11（Winter 1968）：38—39.
*“Behavior Patterns of Scientists.” Copublished in American Scientist 57（Spring 1969）：1—23，and American Scholar 38（Spring 1969）：197—225.
“Insiders and Outsiders：An Essay in the Sociology of Knowledge.” 1st ed. in Conspectus of Indian Society，edited by R. N. Saxena. Agra，India：Satish Book Enterprise，1971. 2d ed. in Essays on Modernization of Underdeveloped Societies. Bombay，India：Thacker & Co.，Ltd.，1971.
*“Insiders and Outsiders：A Chapter in the Sociology of Knowledge.” 3d ed. American Journal of Sociology 77（July 1972）：9—47.
“The Precarious Foundations of Detachment in Sociology.” In The Phenomenon of Sociology，edited by Edward A. Tiryakian. New York：Appleton-Century-Crofts，1971.
*“The Competitive Pressures（1）：The Race for Priority.”［With Richard Lewis］ Impact of Science on Society 21（1971）：151—161.
*“Patterns of Evaluation in Science：Institutionalisation，Structure and Functions of the Referee System.” ［With Harriet Zuckerman］ Minerva 9（January 1971）：66—100.
*“Age，Aging，and Age Structure in Science.” ［With Harriet Zuckerman］ In Aging and Society.Vol. 3，A Sociology of Age Stratification，edited by Matilda W. Riley，Marilyn Johnson，and Anne Foner. New York：Russell Sage Foundation，1972.
“On Discipline-Building：The Paradoxes of George Sarton.” ［With Arnold Thackray］Isis 63（1972）：473—495.
Commentaries，Continuities，and Complementaries
Works marked with a † are publications of the Columbia University Program in the Sociology of Science.
Agassi，Joseph. “The Origins of the Royal Society.”Organon 7（1970）：117—135.
—. “Revolutions in Science，Occasional or Permanent?”Organon 3（1966）：47—61.
—. “Towards an Historiography of Science.”History and Theory，suppl. 2. The Hague：Mouton，1963.
Baldamus，W.“The Role of Discoveries in Social Science.” In The Rules of the Game，edited by Teodor Shanin. London：Tavistock Publications，1972.
Barbano，Filippi. “H. Marcuse，R. K. Merton ed il Pensiero Critico：‘Sociologia Negativa’e Sociologia Positiva.”Sociologia：Revista di studi sociali dell’ Instituto Luigi Sturzo 1（September 1967）：31—58.
—. “Social Structures and Social Functions：The Emancipation of Structural Analysis in Sociology.”Inquiry 11（1968）：40—84.
—. “Teoria e metodo nell’ indagine delle scienze sociali：introduzione a saggi di R. K. Merton e Talcott Parsons.” In Antologia di Scienze Sociali，edited by Angelo Pagani. Bologna：Societ Editrice Il Mulino Vol.1，Teoria e Ricerca nelle Science Sociali.Chapter 1.
Barber，Bernard. Science and the Social Order.New York：The Free Press，1952.
—. “The Structure of Scientific Competition and Reward and Its Consequences for Ethical Practices in Bio-Medical Research.” Paper read at meeting of American Sociological Association，August 1972.
Barber，Bernard，and Hirsch，Walter，eds. The Sociology of Science.New York：The Free Press，1962.
Barber，Bernard；Lally，John J.；Makarushka，Julia；and Sullivan，Daniel. Research on Human Subjects：Problems o f Social Control in Medical Experimentation.New York：Russell Sage Foundation，1973.
Barnes，Barry，ed. Sociology of Science：Selected Readings.Hammondsworth，Eng.：Penguin Books，1972.
Barnes，S. B.，and Dolby，R. G. A.，“The Scientific Ethos：A Deviant Viewpoint.”European Journal of Sociology 11（1970）：3—25.
Ben-David，Joseph. “The Profession of Science and Its Powers.”Minerva 10（1972）：362—383.
—. “Roles and Innovations in Medicine.”American Journal of Sociology 65（1960）：557—568.
—. “Scientific Growth：A Sociological View.”Minerva 3（1964）：455—476.
—. “Scientific Productivity and Academic Organization in Nineteenth-Century Medicine.”American Sociological Review 25（1960）：824—843.
—. “The Scientific Role.”Minerva 4（1965）：15—54.
—. The Scientist’s Role in Society：A Comparative Study. Englewood Cliffs，N.J.：Prentice-Hall，1971.
Ben-David，Joseph，and Collins，Randall. “Social Factors in the Origins of a New Science：The Case of Psychology.”American Sociological Review 31（1966）：451—465.
Bernard，M. Russell，“Scientists and Policy Makers：A Case Study in the Ethnography of Communication.” La Jolla：Scrips Institution of Oceanography，1973. Manuscript.
Blisset，Marlan. Politics in Science.Boston：Little，Brown & Co.，1972.
Brown，Paula. “Bureaucracy in a Government Laboratory.”Social Forces 32（1954）：259—268.
Brown，Theodore M. “Institutional Challenge and the Advance of Science in Seventeenth Century England.” Manuscript.
—. “The Rise of Baconianism in the Interregnum：An Attempt at a New Perspective on Science and Society in Seventeenth Century England.” Manuscript.
Burstyn，Harold L.，and Hand，Robert S. “Puritanism and Science Reinterpreted.”Actes du XIe Congrès International d’Histoire des Sciences，pp.139—143.
Carroll，James W. “Merton’s Thesis on English Science.”American Journal of Economics and Sociology 13（July 1954）：427—432.
Cohen，I. Bernard. “Essay Review：Science，Technology and Society in Seventeenth Century England.”Scientific American 228（February 1973）：117—120.
†Cole，Jonathan. “Patterns of Intellectual Influence in Scientific Research.”Sociology of Education 43（Fall 1970）：377—403.
†Cole，Jonathan，and Cole，Stephen. “Measuring the Quality of Sociological Research.”American Sociologist 6（February 1971）：23—29.
†—. “The Ortega Hypothesis.”Science 178（27 Oct. 1972）：368—75.
†—. “The Reward System of the Social Sciences.” Presented at American Academy of Arts and Sciences，16 February 1973. Manuscript.
†—. Social Stratification in Science.Chicago，Ill.：University of Chicago Press，1973.
†Cole，Stephen. “Continuity and Institutionalization in Science：A Case Study of Failure.” In The Establishment of Empirical Sociology，edited by Anthony Oberschall. New York：Harper and Row，1972.
—. “In Defense of the Sociology of Science.”The G.S.S. ournal，Columbia University Graduate Sociological Society，1965，pp.30—38.
†—. “Professional Standing and the Reception of Scientific Discoveries.”American Journal of Sociology 76（September 1970）：286—306.
†Cole，Stephen，and Cole，Jonathan. “Scientific Output and Recognition：A Study in the Operation of the Reward System in Science.”American Sociological Review 32（June 1967）：391—403.
†—. “Visibility and the Structural Bases of Awareness of Scientific Research.”American Sociological Review 33（June 1968）：397—413.
Collins，Randall. “Competition and Social Control in Science.”Sociology of Education 41（1968）：123—140.
Conant，James B. “The Advancement of Learning during the Puritan Commonwealth.”Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 66（1942）：3—21.
Connor，Patrick E. “Scientific Research Competence：Two Forms of Collegial Judgment.”Pacific Sociological Review（July 1972）：355—366.
Coser，Lewis A. “Georg Simmel’s Style of Work：A Contribution to the Sociology of the Sociologist.”American Journal of Sociology 63（May 1958）：635—641.
—. Masters of Sociological Thought：Ideas in Historical and Social Context.New York：Harcourt，Brace，Jovanovich，1971.
—. Men of Ideas.New York：Free Press，1965.
—. “Social Involvement or Scientific Detachment：The Sociologist’s Dilemma.”Antioch Review 28（1968）：108—113.
Cotgrove，Stephen，and Box，Steven. Science，Industry and Society：Studies in the Sociology of Science.London：Allen & Unwin，1970.
†Cournand，André，and Zuckerman，Harriet. “The Code of Science：Analysis and Some Reflections on Its Future.”Studium Generale 23（1970）：941—962.
Crane，Diana. “Fashion in Science.”Social Problems 16（1969）：433—440.
—. “The Gatekeepers of Science：Some Factors Affecting the Selection of Articles for Scientific Journals.”The American Sociologist 2（1967）：195—201.
—. Invisible Colleges：Dif fusion o f Knowledge in Scientific Communities.Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1972.
—. “Scientists at Major and Minor Universities”American Sociological Review 30（October 1965）：699—714.
Crespi，Pietro. “Robert K. Merton e la sociologia americana.”Il Pensiero Critico 2（1960）：1—11.
Crowther，J. G. Science in Modern Society.London：Cresset Press，1967. pp. 290—299.
Daniels，George. “The Process of Professionalization in American Science.”Isis 58（1967）：151—166.
Dedijer，Stevan. An Attempt at a Bibliography of Bibliographies in the Science of Science.Lund，Sweden：Science Policy Center，1969.
—. “International Comparisons of Science.”New Scientist（February 1964）：461—464.
De Gré，Gerard. Science as a Social Institution.New York：Doubleday，1955.
†Dietrich，Lorraine，“Communication in Five Scientific Fields：A Comparative Analysis.” Presented at American Sociological Association meeting，September 1972.
Dillenberger，John. “Religious Stimulants and Constraints in the Development of Science.”Continuum 5（1967）：6—11.
Dolby，R. G. A.，“Sociology of Knowledge in Natural Science.”Science Studies 1（1971）：3—21.
Downey，Kenneth J. “The Scientific Community：Organic or Mechanical?”Sociological Quarterly 10（1969）：438—458.
—. “Sociology and the Modern Scientific Revolution.”Sociological Quarterly 8（1967）：239—254.
Elkana，Yehuda. “The Conservation of Energy：A Case of Simultaneous Discovery.”Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences 90—91（1970）：31—60.
—. “Hemholtz’ Kraft：An Illustration of Concepts in Flux.”Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 2（1970）：263—298.
—. “Science，Philosophy of Science and Science Teaching.”Educational Philosophy and Theory 2（1970）：15—35.
—. The Theory and Practice of Cross-Cultural Contacts in Science：Queries and Presuppositions.Manuscript，1973.
Feuer，Lewis S. The Scientific Intellectual. New York：Basic Books，1963.
Garvey，W. D.，and Griffith，B. C. “Scientific Communication as a Social System.”Science 157（1967）：1011—1016.
—. “Scientific Communication：Its Role in the Conduct of Research and Creation of Knowledge.”American Psychologist 26（1971）：349—362.
Garvey，W. D.，Lin，Nan，and Nelson，C. E. “Communication in the Physical and Social Sciences.”Science 170（1970）：1166—1173.
Garvey，W. D.；Lin，Nan；Nelson，C. E.；and Tomita，Kazuo. “Research Studies in Patterns of Scientific Communication.”Information Storage and Retrieval 8（1972）：111—122；159—169；207—221.
Gaston，Jerry. “Big Science in Britain：A Sociological Study of the High Energy Physics Community.” Ph.D. diss.，Yale University，1969.
—. “The Reward System in British Science.”American Sociological Review 35（August 1970）：718—732.
—. “Secretiveness and Competition for Priority of Discovery in Physics.”Minerva 9（October 1971）：472—492.
Gillispie，Charles C. “Physick and Philosophy：A Study of the Influence of the College of Physicians of London upon the Foundations of the Royal Society.”Journal of Modern History 19（September 1947）：210—225.
Glaser，Barney G. “Differential Association and the Institutional Motivation of Scientists.”Administrative Science Quarterly（1965）：82—97.
—. Organizational Scientists. Indianapolis：Bobbs-Merrill，1964.
—. “Variation in the Importance of Recognition in Scientists’ Careers.”Social Problems 10（1963）：268—276.
Gordon，Gerald and Marquis，Sue. “Freedom，Visibility of Consequences and Scientific Innovation.”American Journal of Sociology 72（Sept. 1966）：195—202.
Gouldner，Alvin W. The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology. New York：Basic Books，1970.
—. “Cosmopolitans and Locals：Towards an Analysis of Latent Social Roles.”Administrative Science Quarterly 2（1957）：281—306；2（1958）：444—480.
—. Enter Plato：Classical Greece and the Origins of Social Theory. New York：Basic Books，1965.
Greaves，Richard L. “Puritanism and Science：The Anatomy of a Controversy.”Journal of the History of Ideas 30（1969）：345—368.
Greenberg，Daniel A. “The Ethos of Science.” Presented to the Seventeenth Conference on Science，Philosophy，and Religion，1966. Manuscript.
Griffith，Belver C. and Miller，A. J. “Networks of Informal Communication among Scientifically Productive Scientists.” In Communication Among Scientists and Engineers，edited by C. E. Nelson and D. K. Pollock. Lexington，Mass.：Lexington Heath Books，1970.
Griffith，Belver C.，and Mullins，Nicholas C. “Coherent Social Groups in Scientific Change.”Science 177（15 September 1972）：959—964.
Haberer，Joseph. Politics and the Community of Science.New York：Van Nostrand Reinhold，1969.
Habermas，Jürgen. Knowledge and Human Interests.Boston：Beacon Press，1971.
Hagstrom，Warren O. “Inputs，Outputs and the Prestige of American University Science Departments.”Sociology of Education 44（Fall 1971）：375—397.
—. The Scientific Community.New York：Basic Books，1965.
Hall，A. Rupert.“Merton Revisited，or，Science and Society in the Seventeenth Century.”History o f Science：An Annual Review 2（1963）：1—16.
—. “Science，Technology and Utopia in the Seventeenth Century.” In Science and Society，1600—1900，edited by Peter Mathias. Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1972.
Hall，Marie Boas. “Sources for the History of the Royal Society in the Seventeenth Century.”History of Science 5（1966）：62—76.
Hall，Michael G.，“Renaissance Science in Puritan New England.” In Aspects of the Renaissance，edited by Archibald R. Lewis. Austin：University of Texas Press，1967.
Halmos，Paul，ed. The Sociology of Science. The Sociological Review：Monograph No.18，1972.
—，ed. The Sociology of Sociology.The Sociological Review：Monograph No. 16，1970.
Hargens，Lowell，and Hagstrom，W.O. “Sponsored and Contest Mobility of American Academic Scientists.”Sociology of Education 40（1967）：24—38.
Herpin，Nicholas. Théorie et expérience chez Robert K.Merton.Ph. D. dissertation，Sorbonne，1967.
Hetheringtom，Robert W. “Local and Cosmopolitan Physicians.”Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology（February 1971），32—46.
Hill，Christopher. Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution. Oxford：Clarendon Press，1965.
—. “The Intellectual Origins of the Royal Society—London or Oxford.”Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 23（December 1968）：144—156.
—. “Puritanism，Capitalism and the Scientific Revolution.”Past & Present 29（1964）：88—97.
Hirsch，Walter. Scientists in American Society. New York：Random House，1968.
Hooykaas，R. “Answer to Dr. Bainton’s Comment on ‘Science and Reformation’.”Journal of World History 3（1956）：781—784.
—. Humanisme，Science et Reforme.Leiden，1958.
—. Religion and the Rise of Modern Science.Edinburgh：Scottish Academic Press，1972.
—. “Science and Reformation.”Journal of World History 3（1956）：109—139.
—. “Science and Religion in the Seventeenth Century.”Free University Quarterly 1：169—183.
Kaplan，Norman，ed. Science and Society.Chicago：Rand McNally，1965.
—. “Sociology of Science.” In Handbook of Modern Sociology，edited by R. E. L. Faris. Chicago：Rand McNally，1964.
Kearney，Hugh F.，ed. Origins of the Scientific Revolution. London：Longmans，1964.
—. “Puritanism and Science：Problems of Definition.”Past & Present 31（July 1965）：104—110.
—. “Puritanism，Capitalism and the Scientific Revolution.”Past & Present 28（July 1964）：81—101.
Kemsley，Douglas S. “Religious Influences in the Rise of Modern Science：A Review and Criticism，Particularly of the ‘Protestant-Puritan Ethic’ Theory.”Annals of Science 24（1968）：199—226.
King，M. D. “Reason，Tradition and the Progressiveness of Science.”History and Theory：Studies in the Philosophy of History 10（1971）：3—32.
Klima，Rolf. “Einige Widersprüche im Rollen-Set des Soziologen.” In Thesen zur Kritik der Soziologie，edited by B. Schäfers. Frankfurt：Suhrkamp，1969，pp. 80—95.
—. “Scientific Knowledge and Social Control in Science.” In Social Processes of Scientific Development，edited by Richard D. Whitley. London：Routledge & Kegan Paul，in press.
—. “Theoretical Pluralism，Methodological Dissension and the Role of the Sociologist：The West German Case.”Social Science Information 11（1972）：69—108.
Kocher，Paul Harold. Science and Religion in Elizabethan England. San Marino，Calif.：The Huntington Library，1953.
Kröber，Günter，and Lorf，Marianne，eds. Wissenschaft：Studien zu ihrer Geschichte，Theorie und Organisation.Translated from the Russian. Berlin：Akademie-Verlag，1972.
—. eds. Wissenschaftliches Schöpfertum.Translated from the Russian. Berlin：Akademie-Verlag，1972.
Krohn，Roger G. The Social Shaping of Science.Westport，Conn.：Greenwood Publishing Co.，1971.
Kuhn，Thomas S. “Energy Conservation as an Example of Simultaneous Discovery.” In Critical Problems in the History of Science，edited by Marshall Clagett. Madison：University of Wisconsin Press，1959.
—. “The History of Science.” In the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences（New York：Macmillan，1968），14：74—83. See especially “The Merton Thesis，” 79 ff.
—. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1962. Second edition，enlarged，1970.
Ladd Jr.，Everett C. and Lipset，Seymour Martin. “Politics of Academic Natural Scientists and Engineers.”Science 176（9 June 1972）：1091—1100.
Lakatos，Imre. “Criticism and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes.” Aristotelian Society. Proceedings 69（1968）：149—186.
Lakatos，Imre，and Musgrave，A.，eds. Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge.Cambridge：University Press，1970.
Lécuyer，Bernard. “Histoire et sociologie de la recherche sociale empirique：problèmes de théorie et de la méthode.”Epistémologie Sociologique Cahiers Semestriels 6（Deuxieme Semestre 1968）：119—131.
Lemaine，Gérard，and Matalon，Benjamin，with the collaboration of Provansal，Bernard. “La lutte pour la vie dans la cité scientifique.”Revue Franaise de Sociologie 10（1969）：139—165.
Lepenies，Wolf. “Melancholie als Unordnung bei R. K. Merton.” In Melancholie und Gesellschaft.Frankfurt am Main：Suhrkamp Verlag，1969.
Lipset，Seymour Martin and Ladd Jr.，Everett C. “The Politics of American Sociologists.”American Journal of Sociology 78（July 1972）：67—104.
Lipset，Seymour Martin. “Academia and Politics in America.” In Imagination and Precision in the Social Sciences，edited by T. J. Nossiter. London：Faber，1972.
Lodahl，Janice B. and Gordon，Gerald. “The Structure of Scientific Fields and the Functioning of University Graduate Departments.”American Sociological Review 37（February 1972）：57—72.
MacCrae，Duncan. “Growth and Decay Curves in Scientific Citations.”American Sociological Review 34（1969）：631—635.
Marcson，Simon. The Scientist in American Industry.New York：Harper，1960.
Mathias，Peter. “Who Unbound Prometheus? Science and Technical Change，1600—1800.” In Science and Society，1600—1900，edited by Peter Mathias. Cambridge：University Press，1972.
Matthijssen，M. Katholiek middelbaar onderwijs en intellectuele emancipatie. Een sociografische facetstudie van het emancipatie—vraagstuk der Katholieken in Nederland. Nijmegen Thesis，1958 ［cited by R. Hooykass，Religion and the Rise of Modern Science］.
Menard，Henry W. Science：Growth and Change.Cambridge：Harvard University Press，1971.
Mendelsohn，Ernest. “The Biological Sciences in the Nineteenth Century.”History of Science 3（1964）：39—59.
—. “The Emergence of Science as a Profession in Nineteenth-Century Europe.” In Management of Scientists，edited by K. Hill. Boston：Beacon Press，1963.
Menzel，Herbert. “Planned and Unplanned Scientific Communication.” Reprinted from Proceedings，International Conference on Scientific Information，1959，in The Sociology of Science，edited by Bernard Barber and Walter Hirsch. New York：Free Press，1962.
—. “Planning the Consequences of Unplanned Action in Scientific Communication.” In Communication in Science，edited by A. de Reuck and J. Knight. London：J. & A. Churchill，1967.
Mirsky，E.M. “Science Studies in The USSR：History，Problems，Prospects.”Science Studies 2（1972）：281—294.
Moscovici，Serge，“L’histoire des sciences et le science des historiens.”Archives Européennes de Sociologie 7（1966）：116—126.
Mulkay，Michael. The Social Process of Innovation：A Study in the Sociology o f Science. London：Macmillan，1972.
—. “Some Aspects of Cultural Growth in the Natural Sciences.”Social Research 36（1969）：22—53.
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