1
人类的知识
1.10 索  引

索  引

(数字表示原书页数,排在书页外侧)

Abstraction,principle of,抽象原理285

Abstraction,and common perception,抽象与共同知觉93

Acceleration,加速度16,310,479

Accuracy,and convenience,精确与方便285

Acquaintance,and description,认识与描述86 ff.

Action(s)作用,行为

at a distance,超距作用490—91

human,and determinism,人的行为与决定论40—41

rules of,行为规则399

Adaptationtofacts,适应事实143—44

After-images,残像50

“All”,“所有”129 ff.,520

Alpha Centauri,半人马座α星12

Alternatives,divisible,可分的选择374,379

Ambiguity,verbal,and structural iden-tity,文字意义的含混与结构的相同474—75 Analogy,类推482 ff.

as premise of knowledge,作为知识前提的类推195

postulate of,类推公设493—94

Analysis,and minimum vocabularies,分析与最小量用语257—58

spatio-temporal,时空分析258

Analytic statements,分析的语句79—80

Ancestors,causal,原因上的祖先见Causal因果条

“And”and“or”,relation,“和”与“或”的关系134—35

Animals,动物

as automata,当作自动机器来看的动物15

propensities and habits,动物的倾向和习惯429—30

Antecedent,invariable,and cause,不变的前件与原因315

Appropriate reactions,适当的反应183—85

Argument(s),论证

and credibility of beliefs,论证与信念的可信性392

and degrees of credibility,论证与可信度382

long and short,长的论证与短的论证382

steps in,and data,论证的步骤和与件395

Arithmetic,induction in,算术中的归纳402

Assertion and intention,肯定与意图88

Assimilation,同化32

Association,联想作用

and ostensive definition,联想作用与实指的定义65

of ideas,意念的联想49

Astronomy,天文学9—14

Greek conceptions,希腊人的看法9—11

minimum vocabulary of,天文学的最小量用语244—47

Atomic number,原子序数20

Atoms,原子

and quantum theory,原子与量子论20 ff.

structure of,原子结构21 ff.

Attitudes to ideas,expression of,对于观念的态度的表达104—05

Automata,animals as,当作机器来看的动物15

Awareness of logical connection,dim,对于逻辑关系的模糊认识394

Axiom(s),公理

conjunctive,合取公理346,347,352

disjunctive,析取公理346,347,352

Bayes’s theorem,贝耶士定理348

Behavior,行为

and animal inferences,行为与动物性推理182 ff.

inference to minds,从行为推论到心理存在485—86

non-verbal,reference of,非文字行为的参照114

observable,cause of,可观察行为的原因483 f.

Belief(s)信念

and animal habits,信念与动物习惯427 ff.

as state of mind and body,作为心身状态的信念145—46

as to the unexperienced,关于未曾经验过的事物的信念154

bodily state as a,作为信念来看的身体状态145

definition,信念的定义111

and delayed reactions,信念与推迟的反应94

external reference of,信念的外界参照107 ff.

general,pre-verbal forms,先于文字形式的普遍性信念432

habitual and active,习惯的信念与正在活动中的信念99—100

how acquired,信念获得的方式99

“in”,相信〔某物〕存在的信念107

and knowledge,信念与知识98 ff.

meaning,信念的定义144—45

and mental habit,信念与心理习惯431

non-verbal,非文字的信念99

perceptive and inferential,来自知觉的信念和来自推论的信念165

pre-linguistic,先于语言的信念94

rational,and probability,合理信念与概率372

reasons for,信念的理由52

spontaneous and other,自发信念与其他信念166

static,静态的信念146

and tendency to action,信念与行动倾向101

true and false,真与伪的信念111,147

and understanding,信念与理解100—01

unverbalized,不用文字表现的信念144—45

varieties,不同种类的信念146

and verbal precision,信念与文字的准确性146—48另见Truth真理条

Beta particles,β粒子

time and,时间与β粒子273

velocity,速度287

Bible,biology and,生物学与《圣经》29—30

Biography,传记274—75,290

Body-mind relation,身心关系196 Brain,脑

and mind,脑与精神39—41,229 operation of,大脑作用38—39

and physical laws,脑与物理学定律40

unstable equilibrium possibility,不稳定的平衡可能性41—42

Calculus,计算,演算

infinitesimal,微积分17

of probability,interpretation of,概率计算的解释346

of propositions,minimum vocabulary

of,命题演算的最小量用语243

Causal ancestors,common,共同的原因上的祖先464—65

Causal chains,never independent,从不互相独立的因果连锁472—73

Causal continuity,spatio-temporal,时空的因果连续性194—95

Cansal laws,因果律308 ff.,455 ff.,488

and expectations,因果律与预料426

meaning of,因果律的意义326

mental,心理上的因果律49

and structure,因果律与结构460 ff.

Causal lines,因果线326—27,453ff.,481—82,491

separable,postulate of,可以彼此分开的因果线的公设489—90

Causality,and scientific method,因果性与科学方法311

Causation,因果关系311

belief in,and language,对于因果关系所抱的信念与语言455

intrinsic,固有的因果关系475 ff.

law of universal,普遍因果律453

physical,and perception,物理上的因果关系与知觉195—96

Cause(s)原因

-and-effect relation,因果关系454,490—91

and effect,distinction of,and time-

order,因果与时间顺序的不同331

independence of,原因的独立性200

meaning of,原因所表示的意思315

plurality of,多种原因485

primitive concept,原始概念453 ff.

and truth,原因与真理118—19

另见Antecedent前件条

Centrality,中心性263—65

Certainty,必然性

epistemological,认识论上的必然性396

kinds of,种类396

logical,逻辑上的必然性396

psychological,心理学上的必然性396

subjective,and credibility,主观必然性与可信性397

subjective,degrees of,主观必然性的程度396—98

Chains,causal,因果连锁228

never independent,从不互相独立的因果连锁472

Change,变化

causal laws of,变化的因果律310

discontinuity of,变化的不连续性200

perception of,关于变化的知觉210

sudden,in atomic physics,原子物理学中的突然变化477

Characters,specific,种类的特性443

Chemistry,relation to physics,化学对于物理学的关系199

Class,fundamental,基本类388

Class names,类别名称见Names名称条

Classes,“manufactured”,“制造出来”的类414

Classification,words and,文字与分类423—24

Coherence,and knowledge,一致性与知识156,157

Coincidences,improbability of com-plex,复合一致的不大可能465—66

Colors,颜色definition of,颜色的定义259 ff.

incompatibility of,颜色的不能并存的性质122—26

Common-sense world,and physical world,常识的世界与物理的世界320 ff.

Compresence,共现,共同出现294—97,302—07 complex of,

共现复合294 ff.,306 ff.

when determinate,共现的确定条件307

as ordering relation of space-time,作为时空的排列关系329 f.

private,属于个人的共现关系305

Conjunctions,连接词119

Connections,between facts,knowledge and,知识与事实之间的关联421,430—31

Constant(s)常数,常项

cosmical,宇宙常数19

electronic,电子常数28

physical,物理常数27—28

quantum,量子常数见Quantum量子条

and variables,常项与变项74

Contiguity,相邻

as ordering relation of space-time,作为时空的排列关系329

spatio-temporal,时空的相邻性469 ff.

Continuity,spatio-temporal,时空的连续性194,195,209,308

postulate of,时空连续性公设490—91

Contradiction,law of,矛盾律124

Convention and belief,习俗与信念151

Conviction,subjective,and credibility,主观确信与可信性343

Co-ordinates,坐标19,326,328

as substitutes for names,代替名称74,75,77—78

of astronomical space,天文学空间的坐标320

Copernican system,Aristarchus and亚里斯塔库斯与哥白尼体系9

Copunctual areas and volumes,共点面积与体积280

Correlation,functional laws of,相关的函数律444

Cosmical constant,宇宙常数19

Cosmology,宇宙论

Dante’s,但丁的宇宙论10—11

Greek,希腊人的宇宙论9—11

modern,近代的宇宙论12 ff.

Credibility,可信性

degree(s)of,可信度xiii,342—43,380 ff.

and frequency,可信性与频率384 ff.

and mathematical probability,可信性与数学的概率381

of data,与件的可信性391 ff.

rational,and probability,合理的可信性与概率376

and subjective conviction,可信性与主观确信342—43

and truth,可信性与真理343

Data,与件,材料166,170—71

credibility of,与件的可信性391 ff.

and degrees of credibility,与件与可信度380 ff.

and inferenee to“things”,与件与推论出“东西”226

and inferences,relation,与件与推论的关系383

physical and psychological,物理与件和心理与件44—45

privateness of,与件的个人性质xi—xii

public and private,公共的与件和个人的与件45—48

remembered facts as,作为与件的回想起来的事实188

and solipsism,与件与唯我主义175 ff.

uncertainty of,与件的不确实性393—94

visual,qualities of,视觉材料的性质298—99

why private,与件属于个人的原因229—31

Dates,日期270—71,305

knowledge of,日期的知识88—89

Decalogue,the,十诫398

Deduction,演绎155

Definition(s)定义

denotational,and names,指示性定义与名称278—79

denotative and structural,指示性定义与结构性定义276—77

ostensive,实指的定义4,63 ff.,499,501,502

and association,实指的定义与联想64

conditions of,实指的定义的条件64

and interpretation,实指的定义与解释244—45

kinds of words learned by,通过实指的定义学会的不同种类的词68—70

limits of,实指的定义的限度70

vagueness of,实指的定义的含糊不清424

what words can have,什么词可以有实指的定义75

verbal and ostensive,文字的定义和实指的定义4

Descriptions,as substitutes for names,代替名称的描述77—79

Desire,愿望

expression and assertion of,愿望的表达和断言105

and ideas,愿望与观念95

Determinism,决定论

atoms and,原子与决定论23—24

and human actions,决定论与人类行为40

physical,物理学的决定论15

Difference,不同122

Disbelief,character of,不相信的特性124

Discreteness,and definition of quali ties,不连续性与性质的定义260—61

Disjunctive facts,析取性的事实127 ff.

Dissolution,in natural processes,自然过程中的分解473

Distance,距离

ambiguity of,意义上的含混288

estimation of,距离的估计321

measurement of,距离的度量285

spatial and temporal,distinction,空间的距离与时间的距离的不同331

Divisibility,in Keynes,可分性(凯恩斯)375,379,389

Doubt,Cartesian,笛卡尔的怀疑173,180

Doubtfulness,intrinsic,固有的可疑性342

Dreams,梦169,171—72,173

as scientific data,作为科学的与件46—47

and false memories,梦与错误的记忆214

memory and perception in,梦中的记忆与知觉214

Duration,延续,延续时间267,271

Earth,地球

age of,地球的年龄36

rotation of,地球的自转18—19

Effect,结果见Cause原因条

Egocentric particulars,自我中心的特称词69,85 ff.

Electronic constants,电子常数28

Electrons,电子21 ff.

Elements,the four,四大原素15

Emotion and information,感情与知识58

Emotional consequences of beliefs,and signification,信念在情感上产生的后果与意指449

Emotional interest and habit,情感上的兴趣与习惯186

Empiricism,经验主义

defined,定义496

inadequacy of,不适当507

its limits,经验主义的限度496 ff.

and solipsism,与唯我主义179

whether true,是否为真505

Energy,能,能量291

conservation of,能量不灭26

definition of,定义247—48

kinetic and potential,动能与势能25—26

and mass,能量与质量25—26,291

physical laws and,物理学定律与能327—28

role in quantum physics,能量在量子物理学中的作用26—27,240

Enumeration,complete,完全列举137

Enumeration,simple,单纯列举400—07

Environment,unusual,and deception,不平常的环境与欺骗170

Equality,相等,等式284—85,377—78

Equations,differential,andcausal程与因果律457stable,possible explatal processes,不稳定nation of men的平衡,心理过程的可能解释41 laws,微分方

Equilibrium,un

Equiprobability,等概率357

Error,谬误185

absolute and quantitative,绝对谬误和数量性质的谬误397

of memory,记忆的错误211—12 Ethics,伦理学

and probability,伦理学与概然性398—99

theories of,伦理学说398—99 Event(s),事件

and instants,事件与瞬间269—70,274—75,279

meaning,意义82—83,275,281

mental,as data,作为与件的心理事件170

Common-Sense and,常识与心理事件224

connections between,心理事件之间的联系49

definition,定义229

as particulars,作为特体的心理事件293

physical,definition,物理事件的定义229

and mental,differences,物理事件与心理事件的不同230—231

relation of,in relativity theory,相对论中的事件关系289

unique,spatio-temporal position,事件所占的唯一时空位置295 ff.,305

Evidence,证据156

Evolution,演化32 ff.

discontinuous,不连续的演化318

and knowledge,演化与知识421

Existence,struggle for,生存竞争34

Existence propositions,存在命题140,445,450—52

how known,认识存在命题的方法450

unexemplified,无例证的存在命题503,505—07

Expansion,with heat,因热而膨胀283

Expectation(s)预料,期待and causal laws,预料与因果律426

development of,预料的发展426

immediate,直接的预料99

and time,直接预料与时间210

importance of,预料的重要性426—27

and knowledge,预料与知识428 ff.

part played in judgment,预料在判断中所起的作用425—26

and scientific laws,预料与科学定律314

and truth,预料与真理151

when not knowledge,预料在什么情况下不是知识428

Experience,经验320

and inference,经验与推理450

and scientific laws,经验与科学定律314

relation to knowledge,经验对于知识的关系423,445

total momentary,全部的暂时经验297—98

Extensionality,mathematicallogic

and,数理逻辑与外延性414

Extensions,外延见Intensions内包条

Extrapolation,and empirical laws,外插法与经验性质的定律316—17

Eye,working of,眼睛的作用35

Fact(s),事实

adaptation to,适应事实143—44

general,普遍的事实133—34

meaning,意义143

particular,个别的

knowledge of,个别事实的知识498

and probability,个别事实与概然性336

unimaginable,不能想象的事实152

“Faith”of science,对于科学所抱的“信仰”314

Falling bodies,law of,落体定律479

Falsehood,伪,虚妄110 ff.

definition,定义148—54

另见Truth真理条

Fictiveness,degrees of,不同程度的虚构239

Field,structural,结构域254

Finite frequency interpretation,有限

频率的解释350 ff.

and induction,有限频率的解释与归纳358—60

Fittest,survival of,适者生存34

Force,力16

Four-dimensionalmanifold,四度簇200

Frequency,频率328

Functions,propositional,命题函项450

and probability,命题函项与概率341

Galaxy,银河系12

General propositions,how arrived at,得出普遍命题的方法131—33

Generalizations,概括性命题,概括

animal inferences and,动物性推理与概括性命题167

belief in,相信概括性命题的信念168,507

inductive,从归纳得出的概括138 ff.

Keynes and probability of,凯恩斯与概括性命题的概率436—38

Generator properties,基因性质441

Genes,遗传基因33,34

Geodesics,短程线286,310

Geography,minimum vocabulary of,地理学的最小量用语243—44

Geology,and traditional beliefs,地质学与传统信念30—31

Geometries,varying,不同的几何

学20

Geometry,几何学

interpretation of,几何学的解释238

theoretical and practical,理论几何学与实用几何学237—38

Gestalt psychology,格式心理学302

Gnostics,诺斯提教派10

Gravitation,万有引力16,20,310

relativity and,相对性与万有引力289,310

h,见Quantum constant量子常数条

Habit(s),习惯39

acquired,获得的习惯100

animal,and beliefs,动物的习惯与信念430—31

and belief,习惯与信念99—100

and emotional interest,习惯与情感上的兴趣186

formation,习惯的养成52

its part in perception,习惯在知觉中所起的作用168

mental,and beliefs,心理习惯与信念431

Harmony,pre-established,先在的和谐196

另见Leibnitz莱布尼兹条

Heat,meaning of,热的意义248

Helium,氦21,26—27

“Here”and“now”,“此地”和“此时”,“这里”和“现在”6—7,90—92

Heredity,遗传33

Hydrogen atom,氢原子21,26—27

Hypotheses,假设,假定,假说102

choice between,and observation,假设的选择与观察481

physical,物理学的假定199—200

“I-now”,“现在的我”301,304

Idea(s),观念,意念

association of,意念的联想49

“believed”and“entertained”,“相信的”观念和“想到的”观念185

definition,定义95,184

expression of attitude to,对于观念所抱态度的表达105

external reference of,观念的外界参照107 ff.

and impressions,观念与印象68,150,183,455—56

indicative,直陈的观念105

pre-linguistic,先于语言的观念94—95

Identity,同一性458

Ignorance,partial,and probability,部分无知与概率353—54

Illusion(s),幻觉,错觉50

of sense,感官的错觉167

Images,意象109—10

Imagination,pure,纯粹的想象110

Impact,theory of,碰撞说477

Imperative words,祈使词70—71

Impression,inHume,印象(休谟)455

另见Idea观念条

Incompatibility,不能并存的性质122—24

Indicative words,陈述词70—71

Indifference,principle of,无差别原理374—78,385 ff.

Individuation,principle of,个体化原理292 ff.

Induction,归纳,归纳法155,163

animal,动物性归纳432—33,434

by simple enumeration,单纯列举的归纳法400—05,433

and finite frequency theory,归纳与有限频率说359—60

general and particular,一般归纳与特殊归纳401

hypothetical,假言归纳417

in advanced sciences,先进科学使用的归纳法409—11

invalid,as logical principle,归纳作为一个逻辑原理是无效的404

its role,归纳法的作用433

justification of,归纳法的合理根据312

mathematical treatment,归纳的数学处理407 ff.

and natural numbers,归纳与自然数401

not a law of nature,归纳不是一个自然律336

and probability,归纳与概率400 ff.

and probability of generalizations,归纳与概括性命题的概率435—37

Reichenbach’s theory,莱新巴哈的归纳理论412 ff.

and scientific laws,归纳与科学定律312—13

scientific use,Keynes’s results,凯恩斯研究成果的科学应用435—36

and serial arrangement,归纳与级数排列402—03

summary of probability arguments,概率论证提要417—18

Inductive generalizations,从归纳得出的概括138 ff.

Inertia,law of,惯性定律15—16

Inference(s),推理,推论xii ff.

analogical,类推的推理193

animal,动物性推理110,118,167

ff.,182—83,194,495

animal,and generalizations,动物性推理与概括168

animal,and human behavior,动物性推理与人类行为183

animal,mistaken,错误的动物性推理324—25

animal and scientific,动物性推理与科学推理185

and data,relation,推理与与件的关系383

deductive and inductive,演绎推理与归纳推理163

forbidden,and solipsism,不许可的推理与唯我主义175,178

from perceptions to physical ob-jects,从知觉推论到物体321 ff.

and future experience,推理与将来经验451

mathematical and substantial,数学推理与实质性推理182

principles of,need for,推论原理的需要504—05

probable,概然性推理163,182 ff.

scientific,only probable,科学推理只有概然性336

scientific,postulates of,科学推理的公设421

suggested principles of,提出的推

论原理471—72

Infinite collections,无限集合

and finite frequency theory,无限集合与有限频率说357

and probability,无限集合与概率367

Infinity,in Reichenbach’s theory,莱新巴哈理论中的无限364

Instance,meaning of,实例的意义293,298

Instant(s),瞬间239,269—70,274

definition of,定义270—72

and total momentary experience,瞬间与全部的暂时经验299

Insurance,life,and probability,人寿保险与概然性341—42

Intensions and extensions,内包与外延130,138—39,404

and induction,内包与外延和归纳404

Intention,and assertion,意图与断言99—100

Interactions,相互作用415 ff.,489

Interconnection of events,事件的相互关联xii—xiii

Interjections,感叹词58

Interpolation,and empirical laws,内插法与经验性质的定律316—17

Interpretation,解释235 ff.

of calculus of probability,概率计算的解释345

in logic,逻辑中的解释240—41

logical and empirical,逻辑的解释与经验的解释241

role in perception,解释在知觉中的作用169

Interrogative words,疑问词70

Interval,间隔288—89

in relativity theory,相对论中的间隔19,289

and space-time order,间隔与时空顺序330

Introspection,as scientific method,作为科学方法的内省45,50—51

Intuition,mathematical,数学的直观236,404

Irrelevance,in Keynes’s theory,凯恩斯理论中的无关374

Judgments,判断

negative,否定判断121 ff.,180

of perception,知觉判断303

Kant,康德

ethical theory of,康德的伦理学说398

and human knowledge,康德与人类知识xi

and nebular hypothesis,康德与星云说12,34

and unitary space,康德与统一的空间221

Keynes,凯恩斯

his probability theory,凯恩斯的概率论372 ff.

Kinds,natural,自然种类317—18,438 ff.

and physics,自然种类与物理学443—44

Knowledge,知识

based on individual percepts,以个人知觉为基础的知识8

and coherence,知识与一致性156,157

cosmically unimportant,在宇宙中并不重要xi

definition of,定义154—58,496 ff

and delayed reactions,知识与推迟的反应94

doubtfulness of,知识的可疑性342,380,497

evolution and,演化与知识421

expectation and,预料与知识427 ff.

general,普遍的知识129 ff.

generalized,一般化的知识102

individual and collective,个人的知识与集体的知识3

kinds of,知识的种类421

a matter of degree,知识是一个程度上的问题158,426

meaning of,意义96 ff.

of facts,sources of,事实的知识的来源422

of particular facts,个别事实的知识498

of premises,作为前提的知识497 ff.

of truth and falsehood,关于真与伪的知识503 ff.

order for and causal order,知识的顺序与因果的顺序8

psychology and,心理学与知识51—53

relation to experience,知识对于经验的关系445

socialized potential,社会化的潜在的知识102

synthetic,whether all based on ex-perience,综合性知识是否都建立在经验的基础上506—07

theories of,知识的理论156—58

and true belief,知识与真的信念98,154—55

uncertain,不确定的知识497

and unprecise concept,知识与不精确的概念xv,98,497

verbal,文字的知识96

verbal expression,and experience,文字表达与经验423

Language,语言

autonomy of,语言的独立性60,63

and belief in causation,语言与对于因果关系所抱的信念455—56

dangers of,语言的危险61—63

dependence on physics,对于物理学的依赖60

exclamatory use,感叹用法95

how learned,学会语言的方法63—64

learning to use,学会使用语言4

merits of,语言的优点59

personal element in,语言的个人因素4—5

purposes of,语言的功用57,58—59

social character,语言的社会性质3—4

subjective,主观的语言见Egocen tric

particulars自我中心的特称词条

and thought,语言与思想60

understanding of,and animal infer ence,语言的理解与动物性推理182—83

Laws,定律

causal,因果律见Causal laws因果律条

limit of complexity,定律的复杂性的限度311—12

natural,postulate of existence of,自然律存在的公设478—79

necessity of,for inference,定律对于推论的必要336

scientific,科学的定律309

approximative character,科学定律的近似性质317

and memory,科学定律与记忆188—89

Least action,principle of,最小作用原理310

Life,生命

age of,生命的年龄36

distinguishing marks of,生命的特征32

physico-chemical basis of,生命的物理和化学的基础36

rarity of,生命的稀有36

Light,光

nature of,光的性质198

velocity of,光速12,288—89

waves v.particles,波动对质点23

Limited variety,principle of,有限变异原理318

另见Kinds,natural自然种类条

Lines,causal,因果线见Causal lines因果线条

Logic and psychology,difference,逻辑与心理学的不同127

Logical concepts,impersonality of,逻辑概念不带个人因素5

Magnitude,大小285

Manicheans,摩尼教徒10

Mass,and energy,质量与能量25—26,291

Materialism,probably irrefutable by external observation,唯物主义大概不能用外界观察来反驳484

Mathematics,and language,数学和语言60—61

Matter,物质

homogeneity of,物质的同质15,199

impenetrability of,物质的不可渗透性279

and motion,物质与运动199

and“things”,物质与“东西”322

Meaning,意义113

derivative,引申出来的意义115

indicative and imperative,陈述的和祈使的意义70—71

in mathematics,数学中的意义61

Measurement,测量281 ff.

presuppositions of,测量的前提282

Memory,记忆

as premise of knowledge,作为知识的前提189—191,195

as source of knowledge,作为知识的来源422—23

Communication of,记忆的传达59

errors of,记忆的错误212—14

false,and dreams,错误的记忆与梦213—14

and imaginative accretions,记忆与想象的附加物108

immediate,直接的记忆96

lapses of,记忆的失误177

non-verbal,非文字的记忆108

part in generating knowledge,记忆在知识的产生上所起的作用498 ff.

and recognition,记忆与识别67

and solipsism,记忆与唯我主义177—78 t

est of accuracy,准确考验423

and time,记忆与时间210—12

true,真正的记忆97

trustworthiness of,记忆的可靠性212—13

and truth,记忆与真理115,146

uncertain,不确实的记忆393

Memory-images,truth of,记忆意象的真实性423

Mendelism,孟德尔主义33,34

Michelson-Morley experiment,迈克耳逊—莫雷实验284,287

Milky way,银河12,13

Mind,and brain,精神与大脑39—41,229

Mind-body relation,心身关系196

Mind-matter relation,心物关系37,41—42,43 ff.,201 ff.,224 ff.

Minds,inference to,from behavior,从行为到心理的推理484—86

Minds,other,belief in,相信别人心理的存在483—85

Minimum vocabularies,用语条最小量用语见Vocabularies

Miracles,奇迹16

Mirage,海市蜃楼324—25

Mises-Reichenbach theory,米西斯—莱新巴哈的理论362 ff.

Monadology,单子论43,90,196,421,462;另见Leibniz

Motion,first law,第一运动定律16,458,473

Movement,sensations of,运动的感觉219

Mutants,突变体33

Names,名称,名字

apply to occurrences experienced,用来表示经验到的事物82

as permanent symbols,作为永久性的符号61—62

knowledge of,名字的知识86—88

of qualities,性质的名称69,81—83

of relations,关系的名称69,81—83

of species,种属的名称68—69

of substances,物质名称69

power attributed to,归于名字的力量57

proper,专有名称72 ff.

and animal inference,专有名称与动物性推理186

and class,专有名称与类别72

definition of,专有名称的定义73—75

and individuation,专有名称与个体化301 ff.

misleading,造成错误印象84

need for,and method of acquiring

knowledge,对于专有名称的需要与获得知识的方法308

substitutes for,对于专有名称的代替说法75—79

and structural definitions,专有名称与结构性定义279—80

Natural kinds,自然种类见Kinds种类条

Nature,uniformity of,自然的齐一性317

Nebulae,星云

extra-galactic,外银河星云13

recession of,星云的远离13,19

Nebular hypothesis,星云说13,31

Negative facts,否定事实121,493

Negative judgments,否定判断122 ff.,131

Negatives,否定命题

attempted elimination of,对否定命题所作的排除121 ff.

universal,普遍的否定命题133,504

Neptune,argument re probability of discovery,关于海王星发现概率的论证410—11

Nerve fibers,afferent and efferent,内传和外传神经纤维38

Nervous stimulus,神经刺激见Stimu lus刺激条

Neutron,中子21—22

Newton

and space,牛顿与空间277—78

his first law of motion,牛顿第一运动定律16

Noises,animal,function of,动物发出声音的功能57—58

Non-observation,观察不到的情况493

Nonsense,无意义的胡说111

Non-sufficient reason,principle of,不充足理由原理374

另见Indifference,principle of无差

别原理条

“Not”,“不”121—28,499—501

“Now”,“此时”,“现在”见“Here”“此地”,“这里”条

Numbers,meaning of,数的意义236

Numbers,natural,and induction,自然数与归纳401

Observation,观察

appeal to,and scientific truth,对于观察的依赖与科学真理246

development from,to law,从观察发展到定律479

and theory,relation,观察与理论的关系320 ff.

Observer,观察者463

normal,正常的观察者208

Occurrence,representational,表象事件115

“of”,“关于”107,109

Omniscience,first-order,第一级的无所不知134

“Or”,“或”126—28,134,499

Order,causal,and order for know-ledge,因果顺序与知识顺序8

Order,space-time,时空顺序293 ff.

Organism,concept of,有机体的概念34—35

Origin,definition of,in relation to co-ordinates,与坐标相关的原点的定

义77—78,80

Ostensive definition,实指的定义见Definition定义条

Overlapping,部分重合

spatial,空间的部分重合279

temporal,时间的部分重合270

Parallelogram law,力的平行四边形定律17—18,200

Particle(s),质点,粒子240,299

definition of,质点的定义290

and physics,质点与物理学199

and waves,质点和波动23,256

Particular,meaning of,特体的意义292 ff.

Particularity,spatio-temporal,时空的特殊性265

Particulars,egocentric,自我中心的特称词见Egocentric particulars自我中心的特称词条

Percept(s),知觉结果,知觉对象and inferences to objects,从知觉结果推论到物体207—08

inference to physical occurrences,从知觉结果推论到物理现象197,322—23,329

and laws,harmony of,知觉结果与定律的协调关系324

meaning of,知觉结果的意义203 ff.

spatial relations of,知觉结果的空间关系202—03

and structural causal lines,知觉结果与结构性因果线474

subjective variations in,主体方面的差别208

and verification of physical laws,知觉结果与物理定律的证实204另见Perception(s)知觉条

Perception(s),知觉

and belief in causation,知觉与对于因果关系所抱的信念456

and causal lines,知觉与因果线458

common sense and,常识与知觉225

dualistic view,二元论的看法205

empirical theory,经验论的说法195 ff.

faint,模糊的知觉393

and“here-now”,知觉与“这里—现在”92

idealist theory,唯心论的说法195—96

inescapable basis of knowledge,知觉是知识的无可避免的基础8

judgments of,知觉判断303

and knowledge,知觉与知识422

part in generating knowledge,知觉在产生知识上所起的作用498 ff.

and physical causation,知觉与物理上的因果关系197

publicity and,共同性与知觉5

role of interpretation,解释的作用172

and scientific knowledge,知觉与科学知识7—8

theories of,知觉的学说195—96

and time,知觉与时间172—73

Permanence,belief in,对于永久性所抱的信念169,194

Permanent objects,belief in,and lan guage,对于永久性物体所抱的信念与语言187

Persistence,常存,继续存在,不变现象

in natural processes,自然过程中的常存473

and intrinsic causation,常存与固有的因果关系475

laws of,不变现象的定律310

Phenomenalism,complete,hypothesis of,彻底的现象论的假设481

Photon,光子23

Physical constants,物理常数27—28

Physical world,relation to perceptual world,物理世界对于知觉世界的关系152,202

Physics,物理学

abstract theoretical,抽象的理论物理学327 f.

characteristics of perfected,完备的物理学的特点325—26

and common-sense world,物理学与常识的世界321 ff.

fundamental apparatus of,物理学的基本工具240

interpretation of,物理学的解释240—41

and mathematics,物理学与数学248—49

minimum vocabulary of,物理学的最小量用语247—49

pre-Galilean,伽利略以前的物理学15

sensation,and verification of,感觉与物理学的证实261

statistical regularity in,物理学中统计上的规律性460

truth of,物理学的真理195 ff. Physiology,生理学

and psychology,生理学与心理学37,42,51

physics and,物理学与生理学199

Pleasure,maximization of,得到最大限度的快乐399

Point(s),点240,277 ff.,299

definition of,点的定义279,281

and individuation,点与个体化293

Point-instant,瞬间点299,304

Posit,blind,盲目假定412—13,415—16

Positional qualities,analysis of,位置性质的分析263—66

Positron,正电子21—22

Postulates,for validation of scientific method,保证科学方法有效的公设487 ff.,495

Power,and science,力量与科学308

Pragmatism,实用主义421—22

“Preceding,”relation of,“先于”的关系210—11,216,270—71,274

Precision,准确,准确性

degrees of,准确程度146—48

illusory,in definitions,定义的带有假象的准确性259

verbal,and belief,文字的准确性与信念146

Premise,前提

epistemological,definition,认识论的前提的定义384

kinds of,前提的种类498

knowledge of,作为前提的知识498 ff.

Present,specious,表面的现在210

Primum mobile,最外层的天球11

Private experience,egocentric particu lars and,自我中心的特称词与个人经验89—90

Probabilities,choice among,概然性的选择341

Probability,概然性,概率335 ff.

ambiguity of,意义上的含混不清400

calculus of,概率计算344 ff.

its axioms,概率计算的公理345

causal laws and,因果律与概然性309

and conduct,概然性与行为398—99

definability可定义性401—02

and empirical statements,概然性与经验命题369

finite frequency interpretation,有限频率的解释350 ff.

importance of,概然性的重要性335—37

and induction,概率与归纳法401 ff.

inverse,principle of,逆概率原理347

Keynes’s theory,凯恩斯的理论372 ff.

kinds of,概然性的种类xiii,339 ff.

and logic,概率与逻辑366

logic of,概然逻辑337

mathematical axioms of,概率的数学公理345—46,351—52

mathematical theory of,概率的数学理论337,344 ff.

of knowledge,知识的概然性341,343 ff.

and partial ignorance,概率与部分无知353

probable,概然的361

pseudo-syllogisms of,概然性的假三段论法390—91

and rational belief,概率与合理的信念373

scope of,概率的范围352

Progressions,Reichenbach’stheory and,莱新巴哈的理论与级数363

Proper names,专有名称见Names名称条

Propositions,命题

e

xistence,存在命题见Existence存在条

how arrived at,得到存在命题的方法131—32

and mental habits,存在命题与心理习惯431—32

general,psychology,and logic of,普遍命题的心理学与逻辑431

particular,特称命题503

universal,全称命题503—05

unproved,未加证明的命题377

Proton,质子21

Prototype,原型109—10

Psychoanalysis,心理分析49

Psychology,心理学

gestalt,格式心理学302

and knowledge,心理学与知识52—53

and logic,心理学与逻辑127

and physics,心理学与物理学44—45,48

status of,心理学的地位44—45,51—53

Publicity,temporal,时间的共同性227

Pythagoreans,and solar system,毕达哥拉斯学派学者与太阳系9

Qualities性质

definitions of,性质的定义260—61 and particulars,性质与特体292—94

Quantum constant,量子常数18,22—24,28,248

Quantum theory,量子论20 ff.

Quasi-permanence,准永久性

and causal laws,准永久性与因果律457—58

postulate of,准永久性公设487

Random selection,任意选择379

Rationality,perfect,完全的合理性397

Reactions,反应

appropriate,适合的反应184—85

delayed,beliefs and,信念与推迟的反应95

suspended,推迟的反应95

Realism,实在论

complete,hypothesis of,彻底的实在论的假设481

naἵve,素朴的实在论474—75

naἵve,physics and,物理学与素朴的实在论319,331—32

Recognition,识别67

Recollection,time-order of,回忆的时间顺序211

Recurrence,再现见Repetition重复条

Reductio ad absurdum,归谬证法102

Reference,external,外界参照107

ff.,113—14

belief and,信念与外界参照145 Reflex(es),反射40

conditioned,条件反射183

conditioned,and ostensive defini tion,条件反射与实指的定义65

Regress,endless,and probability of knowledge,无尽止的后退与知识的概然性368

Regularity,statistical,统计上的规律性460

Reichenbach,H.,莱新巴哈

his probability theory,莱新巴哈的概率论362 ff.,412 ff.

Relations,关系

analysis of,关系的分析258

dyadic,两项的关系254—55

structural,结构的关系254

triadic,三项的关系254

Relativity,相对性

general theory,广义相对论19—20

and nebular recession,相对性与星云的远离13

space-time and,时空与相对性289 ff.

special theory,狭义相对论19

and time,相对性与时间267

Remembering,analysis of,回忆的分析215 ff.

Reminiscence,Platonic,柏拉图的回忆说238

Remoteness,degrees of,遥远度264

Repetition,重复

of experience,经验的重复294—95,306

and ostensive definition,重复与实指的定义65

possibility of,重复的可能性83

Reproduction,生殖32,33

Response,change of,反应的变化484

Rigidity,刚性282

Rutherford-Bohr atom,鲁特福特—波

尔原子21—22

Scepticism,怀疑主义,怀疑论380

Hume’s,休谟的怀疑论174

logic and,逻辑与怀疑主义xi

of the senses,感觉的怀疑论165

Science,科学

empirical,words needed for,经验科学需要的词258

recognition of social importance,认识到科学的社会重要性11

Scientific terms,subjectivity of,科学名词的主观性86

Self,the,and solipsism,自我与唯我主义176

Self-evidence,不证自明156—57

Sensation(s),感觉36 ff.

active and passive,主动的感觉和被动的感觉219

expectations of,感觉的预料218

illusions of,感觉上的错觉167

peripheral,边缘上的感觉178

and physical causes,感觉与物理原因226 ff.

and physical occurrences,感觉与物理现象48

as source of knowledge,感觉作为知识的来源422

and verification of physics,感觉与物理学的证实261

Senses,and privacy,感官与个人世界5

Sentence(s),句子,语句94,103 ff.

analysis of,句子的分析251

atomic,原子语句128

definition,定义250

dyadic-relation,两项关系252—55

indicative,直陈句104—05

molecular,分子语句120

primary use of,句子的基本用法120

Subject-predicate,主—谓句252

truth of,句子的真112 ff.

understanding of,句子的理解502

use of words as,单词当作句子使用70—71

varieties,句子的种类103—04

and what they assert,structural sim-ilarity,句子与其所断言的事物之间的结构上的相似115

Sequence,invariable,and causation,不变的序列与因果关系454

Serial arrangement,and induction,排成系列与归纳402—04

Sexual reproduction,有性生殖33

Significance,意指,意义150—51,445 of words,personal element in,词义的个人因素4—5

Signification,意指111

and belief,意指与信念112—13

Subjective and objective in,意指的主观方面和客观方面112—13

Signs,符号183—84

Subjective and objective,主观的符号和客观的符号185

Simplicity,简单

in natural laws,自然律的简单性478—79

relative,相对简单259

Simultaneity,同时性

ambiguous,同时性意义上的含混288

and compresence,同时性与共现329—30

Solar system,origin of,太阳系的起源12

Solipsism,唯我主义xi,175 ff. arguments against,反对唯我主义的论证179—81

arguments for,赞成唯我主义的论证179

dogmatic and sceptical,独断的唯我主义和怀疑的唯我主义176

and empiricism,唯我主义与经验主义179—80

and memory,唯我主义与记忆177

of the moment,即时的唯我主义181,496

varieties of,唯我主义的种类176—77

“Some”,“有些”128,129 ff.,501

Soul,灵魂43

vegetable and animal,植物灵魂和

动物灵魂15,32

Space,空间

absolute,绝对空间277

absolute,Newton and,牛顿与绝对空间18

classical physics and,古典物理学和空间277 ff.

Common-Sense,how constructed,常识的空间是怎样构成的217—18

metrical properties,空间的测量性质281 ff.

non-Euclidian,非欧几里得空间19—20

objective and subjective,客观空间与主观空间263—64

perceived and inferred,知觉到的空间和推论出来的空间220

perception of,空间的知觉51

perceptual,知觉的空间319

perceptual and physical,知觉空间

和物理空间206—07,219—21,320

and personality,空间与个人的因素5—6

physical and visual,物理空间和视觉空间201

psychological,心理学的空间217 ff.

public and private,公共的空间和个人的空间90—91

Space-time,时空198,287 ff. and causality,时空与因果性326 ff.

continuity of,时空的连续性291

differentiation of regions in,时空区域的区分75—76

geometry of,时空的几何学328

physical and perceptual correlation,物理学的时空与知觉的时空之间的相互关联326—27

Spatial relations,of percepts,知觉结果的空间关系201

Species,种属68—69

Spontaneous generation,自然发生34

Stars,distances of,星体的距离12

Statements,analytic,分析的语句80

Statistical distribution,causallaws and,因果律与统计分布200—01

Statistics,and doubtfulness,统计与可疑性342

Stereoscope,体视镜218

Stimulation,nerve,and sensation,神经刺激与感觉171

Stimulus,nervous,working of,神经刺激的作用37—38

Straight line,直线286—87

Structure,结构250 ff.

analysis of,结构的分析251

changes of,结构上的改变472

and causal laws,结构与因果律460 ff.

constant,and qualitative change,结构不变与性质上的改变467

where inadequate,结构不变原理不适用的场合472

definition,定义254—55

event and material,事件结构与物质结构464—69

identical,相同结构461—62

and causal connections,相同结构与因果联系463,467

identity of,结构上的相同252—54

meaning,结构的意义250—51

and minimum vocabularies,结构与最小量用语257 ff.

postulate of,结构公设491—92

of sentences,句子的结构250—51

units of,结构的单位251

Subjective language,主观的语言见

Egocentric particulars自我中心的特称词条

Subjectivity,主观性xi—xii

in defining events,在确定事件上的主观性6—7

of measurement,测量的主观性288

progressive elimination,主观性的逐步消除7

Substance,实体73,293,316

Successful belief,and knowledge,成功的信念与知识156,157—58

Syntactical relations,句法关系119

Syntax words,句法词见Words词,文字条

Synthesis,in natural processes自然过程中的综合473

Synthetic,defined,给“综合性的”下定义497

t.自变量t 269,275—76

Tautologies,重言式138—39,375

Temperature,measurement of,温度的测量283—84

Terms,undefined,未下定义的名词377

Testimony,证词

as premise of knowledge,作为知识前提的证词190—194

primitive credulity and,原始的轻信与证词191

public character,证词的公共性质191—92

why accepted,为什么承认证词192—93

Theories,physical,物理学的理论199 Theory and observation,relation,理论

与观察的关系321

Thermometer,ideal,理想温度计383

“Thing”,“东西”487

Thing-in-itself,物自体228,229

“Things”and matter,“东西”与物质322

“Thinking of”,“想到”71,96,107

“This”,“这”82,84,92—93,265,300,301—02,304

Thought and language,思想与语言59—60

Thoughts,as events in the brain,思想作为脑子里发生的事件230

Time,时间82

absolute,绝对时间18,267

local,differing estimates,地方时间的不同估量273

mathematical,数学的时间267—68

“my”,“我的”时间274

Newton’s,牛顿的时间267—68

objective and subjective,客观的时间与主观的时间263—64

and perception,时间与知觉172—73

and personality,时间与个人的因素5—6

public and private,公共的时间和个人的时间92,267 ff.

quantitative measurement,时间的

数量测定273

relativity and,相对性与时间267

sources of belief in,对于时间所抱信念的根源208

subjective,主观的时间210,212—13

Time-Series,时间系列275

Touch,learning how to,学习怎样摸到东西217

Transubstantiation,“变体”的教义43

“True,”significance of,“真”的意147

Truth,真理110 ff.

definition,定义148—54

Uncertainty principle,测不准原理24

Uncertainty,and scientific technique,不确定与科学技术424

Understanding,理解

and belief,理解与信念100—01

verbal,文字的理解97

Unexperienced,the,belief as to,关于未曾经验过的事物的信念154

Units of structure,结构的单位251—52

Universe,宇宙

age of,宇宙的年龄13—14

expanding,宇宙的扩大13,19—20

finite,有限的宇宙198,405

size of,宇宙的大小14,20

Uranium,铀27

Vagueness,含糊不清

and belief,含糊不清与信念147

in definition of qualities,性质的定

义中的含糊不清260—61

Variables,and constants,变项与常项74

Variety,变异439

limited,有限变异见Kinds,natural

自然种类条

Velocity at an instant,瞬间速度365

Venus,history of scientific knowledge of,关于金星的科学知识的历史470—80

“Verbal”“thought”,“文字的”思维89—90

Verification,证实447 ff.

empirical,经验的证实96—97

meaning of,证实的意义448

and meaning of propositions,证实

与命题的意义447—48

Verifiers,证实者149

unimaginable,不能想象的证实者151—52

Visual data,视觉材料见Data与件,材料条Visual relations,视觉关系218 Vitalism,生机论33,199 Vital statistics,and Reichenbach theo-

ry,生死统计与莱新巴哈的理论364

Vocabularies,minimum,最小量用语79 ff.

and analysis,最小量用语与分

析258

and description of sensible experi ence,最小量用语与感觉经验的描述302—03

and empirical words,最小量用语

与经验词249

and structure,最小量用语与结构257 ff.

Volition(s),意愿36 ff.

as causes,作为原因的意愿39

learning and,学习与意愿51

Wave frequencies,波频率22

Waves and particles,波动和质点23,256

Words,词

as substitutes for ideas,用来代替观念96—97

elementary uses,词的基本用法71—72

general,普遍字眼119

indicative and non-indicative,直陈语气词与非直陈语气词105—06

logical,逻辑字眼119,253,501

object and syntax,表物词与句法词499—502

and ostensive definition,词与实指的定义69,70,75

personal element in significance,词义的个人因素4—5

syncategorematic,只有句法上的意义74

syntax,definition of,句法词的定义500

understanding of,对于词的理解499

use as sentences,词用作句子70—71