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高中英语语法新体验——从经典例句开始
1.19.2.6 6.till和until引导的时间状语从句

6.till和until引导的时间状语从句

till和until词汇意义相同,不过till不用于句首,不如until正式。until和till在引导时间状语从句时,从句的动词往往是瞬间性的动词。主句的动词是表示时间段的持续性动词时,则until/till用于肯定句和否定句均可;主句的动词是表示时间点的瞬间动词时,则until/till只能用于否定句。具体包括以下几种情况:

(1)用在肯定句中,表示“一直到”、“到……为止”,一般说来,在这种用法中,主句的动词必须是持续性动词(live,wait,last,stay,work等)。

He waited until I returned.

他一直等到我回来。

We danced and danced until a lot of them joined in.

我们跳舞一直跳到他们很多人参与了进来。

Let's wait until the rain stops.

让我们等到雨停了,好吧?

提示:

①until从句不可以使用将来时。

②until用在肯定句时,往往含有“在……之前”的意思。

It would be many years until Australia learnt to respect Aborigines and recognize the importance of a diverse society.(人教大纲版高三第22页)许多年以后,澳大利亚才懂得尊重土著居民,并认识到多元化社会的重要性。

(2)用在否定句中,表示“到……才”,在这种情况下,主句的动词通常是瞬间动词。

As a matter of fact,I did not begin work until he had gone.

事实上,直到他走了我才开始工作。

I didn't reach the station until the train had left.

火车离开了我才到达车站。

I had not understood the problem until he explained it.

直到他解释了我才明白这个问题。

提示:

在否定句中还可表示“在……之前不”、“到……的时候再”。

I won't take steps until you arrive.

在你到达之前我不会采取行动。

I cannot say definitely until I see him.

在我见到他之前,我是不会明确表态的。

We can decide nothing until we know your views.

在我们了解你的观点之前我们不会做出任何决定。

I won't believe you until I have seen you in the jar with my own eyes.

在我亲自看见你在罐子里之前我是不会相信你的。

(3)用在否定句中,如果主句的动词是持续性动词,until/till表示主句的动作没有延续到从句所指的时间。

He didn't arrive until I returned.

直到我回来他才到。

He didn't wait until I returned.

他没有等到我回来。

I won't leave here until the rain stops.

雨停了我才会离开。

I won't stay here until the rain stops,for I have something urgent to see to.

我不会在这儿呆到雨停下来,因为我有紧急的事情要去处理。

综合(2)、(3),我们得知:在否定句中,如果主句的动词是瞬间动词,until从句表示动作的起点,如果主句的动词是持续性动词,那么until从句就不再是动作的起点,这时until表示的动作没有持续到所指的时间。

(4)until+现在完成时。

在until/till从句中,无论是用在肯定句中,还是用在否定句中,不可以使用将来时,往往用一般现在时和现在完成时表示将来。当使用现在完成时时,可以表达将来完成的意思。

I hope you won't do anything until we've all thought it over.

我希望你等我们仔细考虑了以后再采取行动。

Put the stamp in water and wait until the water has dissolved the glue.(人教大纲版高三第150页)

把邮票放在水里,然后等到水完全溶解了胶水。

I asked John not to sign the agreement until he's heard from us.

我要求约翰在得到我们的消息之前不要签署协议。

Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.

在车停稳之前不要下车。

Wait until he has gone.

等他走后再说。

(5)until/till+过去完成时。

在肯定句中的“until/till+过去完成时”,并不表示“过去的过去”,而是强调动作的完成。

I waited till he had finished his work.(81人教版高一第120页)

我一直等到他完成了他的工作。

Tigers were hunted and killed until in many areas the entire population had disappeared.(95人教版高二上第52页)(注意此句until从句有结果的含义。)

老虎遭到捕杀,以至整个种群在许多地区完全灭绝。

He made up his mind to go on working at the wireless pictures until he had found out how to send them.(81人教版高一第136页)

他(约翰·贝尔德)决定继续致力于无线图像的研究,直到他终于发现如何发送。

提示:

上述三句主句的动作均发生在从句之前,但是为了说明动作的完成,主句采用了一般过去时,而从句采用了过去完成时。

(6)not..until的倒装句型和强调句型。

①not..until的倒装句型:如果否定词置于句首,句子要采用倒装形式。

Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.(人教大纲版高二上第68页)

我们只有了解更多的情况,才能改善现状。

Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

直到我开始工作了我才意识到自己浪费了很多时间。

②not..until的强调句型是“it is/was not until..+that”从句。

It was not until she took off her glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.

只是在她摘掉眼镜后我才意识到她是一个著名影星。

It was not until the twentieth century that modern poetry was really developed.(人教大纲版高二上第105页)

直到20世纪现代诗歌才得以真正的发展。

(7)not..until与not..before的区别。

我们先看1987年的一道高考题:

I didn't manage to do it_______you had explained how.

A until  B unless  C when  D before

高考的答案是A。但是有的英语专家认为D也不错。选A意为“直到你解释了如何干我才完成那个工作”。强调主句动作的起始时间。选D意为“在你解释如何干之前,我没有完成那个工作”或“你解释如何干之后,我才完成那个工作”。强调时间的先后关系。

He didn't arrive until I returned.

直到我回来,他才到达。

He didn't arrive before I returned.

在我回来之前,他尚未到达。

如果主句的动词是持续性动词,意思就显而易见了。

I hadn't waited long before he came.

我没有等很长时间,他就到了。

They had not been married before they quarreled.

他们没结婚就吵架了。

提示:

not..until句型尽管在某些情况下可与not..before互换使用,但在强调句中仍用not until。

It was not until he told me that I knew it.

直到他告诉我了我才知道。

It was not until he finished his homework that he went home.

他做完家庭作业才回家。