4.缩略为介词短语

如果定语从句为主—系—表句型，且表语为介语短语，可略去作主语的关系代词和连系动词，使之缩略为介词短语作后置定语。若定语从句中含“有”动词has，have，had，我们可以用介词with/without替代定语从句中主语关系代词和“有”动词，使定语从句缩略为介词with/without短语作后置定语。with适用于肯定的定语从句;without适用于否定的定语从句。

He spoke to the girl who was from Washington．

=He spoke to the girl from Washington．

他与来自华盛顿的那个女孩谈了话。

The company wants men who have experience．

=The company wants men with experience．

这家公司招聘有经验的职员。

My father went up to the woman who bad a book under her arm．

=My father went up to the women with a book under her arm．

我父亲朝臂下夹着一本书的妇女走去。

The teacher was looking for a rule that did not have an exception．

=The teacher was looking for a rule without an exception．

老师在寻找一条无例外的规则。