9.词+关系词”引导的定语从句

这种定语从句多用于正式语体。能作这种用法的关系词有时是关系代词which，whom，有时是关系限定词whose和which，偶尔关系副词where和when也可以置于介词之后，这种定语从句既可以是限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。

The two things about which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms．

马克思不大有把握的两方面是语法和某些习语。

The goals for which he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him．

他终生奋斗的目标对他而言似乎不再重要了。

There are 53 students in our class，of whom47 are girls．

我们班有53个学生，其中47个是女生。

The person to whom I spoke just now is the postmaster．

我刚才跟他讲话的那个人是邮政局局长。

下面我们就“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句进行分类研究。

(1)由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句主要用于正式文体，在非正式文体中通常将介词放至句末，直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词which不能换成that，直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词whom不能换成who。但若介词用于句末，则作宾语的which，whom也可换成that，who，或者省略。(参见3．作介词宾语的关系代词的选择)。

This is the man to whom I referred．

=This is the man(that/who)I referred to．

我指的就是这个人。

This is a subject about which we have talked a lot．(which不能换成that，也不能省略)

=This is a subject which we have talked about a lot．(which可以换成that，也可以省略)

这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。

提示：

①在这种结构中，介词的选择受到上下文的制约，或与前面的名词词组的搭配有关，或与后面的动词词组的搭配有关。

The age at which immunity is acquired differs in different places．(at age)

获得此免疫的年龄在不同的地区是不一样的。

This depends on the purpose for which you use the Internet．(for the purpose)

这要依你使用因特网的目的而定。

A good ad often uses words to which people attach positive meanings．(人教大纲版高三第44页)(attach to)

好的广告常常使用能引起人们正面联想的词语。

The material of which the house is built is of high quality．(is built of)

盖这栋房子的材料质量很高。

②这种结构中的介词有时完全是根据要表达的意思来决定。

The colorless gas is called oxygen，without which we could not live．

这种无色气体被称为氧气，没有它我们就无法生存。

The colorless gas is called oxygen，with which we can rescue patients．

这种无色气体被称为氧气，我们可以用它来挽救病人的生命。

The colorless gas is called oxygen，in which fires burn much better．

这种无色气体被称为氧气，火在氧气中燃烧得更好。

(2)关系副词when，where，why根据情况有时可换成“介词+关系代词which”。

That is the day when(=on which)he was born．

那就是他出生的日子。

That is the house where(=in which)he lived．

那就是他住过的房子。

That is the reason why(=for which)he must apologize．

那就是他必须道歉的原因。

(3)在很正式的文体中，“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句可紧缩成“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构。

The next step would be to build a machine in which to apply that great discovery．

(人教大纲版高二下第93页)

下一个步骤将是造一个可以应用那个伟大发现的机器。

提示：

in which to apply that great discovery=in which Cavor could apply that great discovery

提示：

with which to buy Jim a present=with which she could buy Jim a present

There the children had a garden in which to play．(很正式)

=There the children had a garden in which they could play．(较正式)

=There the children had a garden to play in．(较口语化)

在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。

He is looking for a box in which he can put the two rabbits．(较正式)(人教大纲版高二上第6页)

=He is looking for a box to put the two rabbits in．(较口语化)

=He is looking for a box in which to put the two rabbits．(很正式)

他正在找可以装这两只兔子的箱子。

提示：

这类“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构中的介词不能没有，也不能放在句末。如不能说:There the children had a garden which to play in．

(4)这种句型中的介词既可以是单个的介词，也可以是短语介词。

Sound is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other．

声音是人们交流思想的工具。

Gaudi used traditional materials，in spite of which he was a modern architect．

高迪使用传统材料，尽管这样他却是现代建筑家。

Mathilde lost the necklace at the palace party，because of which she worked hard for ten years to pay for it．

玛蒂尔德在宫廷舞会上丢了项链，因为这个她辛苦地干了10年来偿还。

提示：

这类句型介词总是置于关系词之前。

Soon they arrived at a farmhouse，in front of which sat a small boy．(81人教版高一第176页)

很快他们到达了一所农舍，农舍前面坐着一个男孩。

(5)“代词+介词+关系代词”结构。用于这个结构的代词主要是both，all，much，many(a)few，(a)little，none，some，several，most等不定代词，而其后的介词多用of。

The citizens，all of whom love nature and our planet，demonstrated outside the city's worst polluter．(人教大纲版高二上第15页)

出于对大自然和我们星球的热爱，他们在本市最严重的污染源门外举行了游行示威。

There are many books on the table，some of which are Professor Black's．

桌子上有许多书，其中有些是布莱克教授的。

The body is made of a large number of organs，each of which has its particular function．

身体由许多器官构成，各个器官都有独特的功能。

We have nearly one hundred foreign students in our university，most of whom are from America and Australia．

我们大学有近一百个留学生，其中大部分来自美国和澳大利亚。

提示：

这种结构中“介词+关系代词”所构成的介词短语修饰前面的名词。因此，代词也可以放在关系代词之后。

There are many books on the table，of which some are Professor Black's．

(6)“名词+介词+关系代词”结构。这个结构在引出的定语从句中作主语时，要注意谓语动词数的问题，分清关系代词所代表的先行项与介词前各成分数量的关系或性质。

Molecules make up matter，the state of which can be changed by the increase and decrease of its temperature．

分子组成物质，物质的状态可以随温度的增减而改变。

提示：

这种结构中“介词+关系代词”所构成的介词短语修饰前面的名词。因此，名词也可以放在关系代词之后。

A compass has a needle，the ends of which always point north and south．

=A compass has a needle，of which the ends always point north and south．指南针有根指针，它的两端总是指向南北。

(7)“数词+介词+关系代词”结构。

There are many forms of energy，one of which is atomic energy．

能量有许多种形式，原子能就是其中的一种。

This device consists of over 2，000 parts，two-thirds of which are made of plastics．

这个装置有2 000多个部件，三分之二是塑料的。

The house was full of children，ten of whom were that old man's own grandsons．屋子里满是孩子，其中十个是那个老人自己的孙子。

提示：

这种结构中“介词+关系代词”所构成的介词短语修饰前面的名词。因此，数词也可以放在关系代词之后。

The house was full of children，of whom ten were that old man's own grandsons．

(8)“形容词+介词+关系代词”结构。其中形容词多用比较级或最高级形式，因为形容词前有定冠词the，实际上这个形容词相当于名词。

There are different kinds of liquid solvents，the most important of which is water．

液体溶剂种类繁多，其中最主要的是水。

Our university has many laboratories，the largest of which was built last year．

我们学校有许多实验室，其中最大的是去年建造的。

There are many big rivers in the world，the second longest of which is the Nile River in Africa．

世界上有很多大河，第二长的是非洲的尼罗河。

提示：

这种结构中“介词+关系代词”所构成的介词短语修饰前面的名词。因此，形容词也可以放在关系代词之后。

Our university has many laboratories，of which the larges twas built last year．

(9)“介词+whose+名词”结构。whose代表先行项的所有格引出定语从句，“whose+名词”在从句中作介词的宾语，whose作名词的定语。

The families at whose house we stayed are friends of my father's．

我们曾在他们家住过的那家人是我父亲的朋友。

Mr．Brown is a man on whose words you may rely．

布朗先生是一位可以信得过的人。

Then Mr．Peters，in whose department Ms King worked，said，“I don't agree with your decision．”(95人教版高一下第19页)

接着，金女士工作部门的彼得斯先生说道:“我不同意你的决定。”

(10)“介词+where”引导的定语从句。

His head soon appeared out of one of the second storey window，from where he could see nothing but trees．

不一会儿，他从二楼的一扇窗户里探出头来，除了树木之外，什么也看不到。

He climbed up the top of the temple，from where he could see some things in the distance．

他爬上了寺庙的顶部，从那里他可以看到远处的一些东西。

以下一些由介词短语作介词from宾语的习惯用法有助于我们理解“from where”结构。

from across the lake从湖的那一边(人教大纲版高一上第15页)

from under the tree从树下

from before the war自从战前

from around the roots从根部周围

from among the workers从工人中

提示：

下面这个句子中的where引导的是宾语从句，作介词from的宾语。

The car stopped short only a few inches from where I stood．

汽车突然停了下来，离我站的地方只有几英寸。

(11)“介词+when”引导的定语从句。此时when相当于which time，when所代表的常常是前面的句子所提供的时间背景。

That was in 1929，since when things have been better．

那是在1929年，从那时起情况就已经好转了。

I went to bed at ten，before when I was reading for an hour．

我10点去睡觉，在那时以前我看了1小时的书。

They settled in Seattle，by when she had obtained am aster's degree in economics．

他们在西雅图住了下来，在那之前她已获得了经济学硕士学位。

(12)名词way之后的关系词使用in which。

She admired the way in which I answered the questions．

她羡慕我回答问题的方式。

I don't like the way in which you speak．

我不喜欢你说话的方式。

提示：

way后面的关系词还可以是that或者使用零关系词，但是绝不可以使用how或as等。

I don't like the way in which you speak．

=I don't like the way that you speak．

=I don't like the way you speak．

上面讲的是way在定语从句中作状语时的情况。如果way在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则要使用that或which，要是作宾语的话，还可以省掉关系词。

Our teacher can always explain the grammar in a way(that/which)we can understand．

我们的老师总是能以我们能接受的方式解释语法。

You are going to have the situation worsening in the way which you don't want and I don't want．

你是在让情况朝着你和我都不愿意看到的方向恶化。

The“quickest way”is the way which takes the shortest time．

所谓最快的方法就是花最少时间的方法。

有时，“the way+从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句，用来修饰全句。

①the way=as

I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own．

我和你说话就像和自己孩子说话一样。

He did not do it the way his friend did．

他没有像他朋友那样去做此事。

Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is clean or peel them．(人教大纲版高一下第6页)

大部分水果天然甜润，可以直接食用，我们只需要把它们清洗一下或去皮。

②the way=according to the way/judging from the way

The way you answer the questions，you must be an excellent student．

从你的回答就知道，你是一个优秀的学生。

The way most people look at you，you'd think a trash man was a monster．

从大多数人看你的目光中，你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物。

③the way=how/how much

I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name．

从你叫我名字的音调中，我知道你是哪里人。

No one can imagine the way he misses her．

人们无法想象他是多么想念她。

④the way=because

No wonder that girls looks down upon me，the way you encourage her．

难怪那姑娘看不起我，原来是你怂恿的。

⑤the way=while/when(表示对比)

From that day on，they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms．

从那天起，其他同学是夹着书本来上课，而他们却带着“战胜”的思想负担来上课。

“the way+从句”还常作为主语、宾语、表语或宾语补足语。

Words are impportant，but the way a person stands，folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings．言语固然重要，但人的站姿、抱臂的方式和手势也会告诉我们他(她)的情感。

(the way=the manner in which，在句中作主语。)

That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China．

那就是少数民族在旧中国如何被对待的情况。

(the way=how，在句中作表语。)

I hate the way she stared at me．

我讨厌她盯我看的样子。

(the way=the manner in which，在句中作宾语。)

What made him the way he was?

他怎么会弄成这样子的?

(the way=that which/those which，在句中作宾语补足语。)

“the way+从句”也常作为状语，相当与“in any way(that or in which)+从句”或“in any manner in which+从句”，其含义是“不管/不论用什么方式”。

Do it the way you like．

你爱怎么干就怎么干。