6.关系副词when，where与why的用法

关系副词when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以引导非限制性定语从句，而关系副词why只能引导限制性定语从句。关系副词when和where在语义上相当于一个“介词+which”结构。

This is the day when(=on which)he did the experiment．

这是他做实验的日子。

That is the house where(=in which)he lived ten years ago．

那是他10年前住过的房子。

We will put off the outing until next week，when(=at which time)we won't be so busy．

我们把郊游推迟到下个星期，那时我们就不会这么忙了。

提示：

the reason why并不等于the reason for which．我们可以说That's the reason why he came．而不可以说That's the reason for which he came．

He was quickly taken to hospital，where(=in which)a doctor wanted to examine Mr．King's legs．

金先生很快被送去住院，在那里一个医生要检查他的腿。

当先行项是case，point，situation，condition，stage，position等表示抽象的地点含义的名词时，我们通常使用关系副词where;当先行项是occasion等表示抽象意义的时间名词时，我们通常使用关系副词when。此时where和when也相当于一个“介词+which”结构。

The media can often help solve problems and draw attention to situations where help is needed．(人教大纲版高二上第12页)

媒体常常能够帮助解决问题，让大家关注需要帮助的境况。

He has reached the point where a change is needed．

他已到了需要改弦易辙的地步了。

提示：

如果先行项point指的是时间，后面使用when。

Dream time is often said to mean“the time before time”，or the point when all things were created．(人教大纲版高三第166页)

“开天辟地”经常说的是“有时间以前的时间”，或者说是世上万物被创造出来的那一时刻。

Most of us will eventually find ourselves in a situation where we or someone else needs help．(人教大纲版高二上第63页)

大多数人还是会发现有时候我们自己或者别人处于需要帮助的境况。

There are many situations where(in which)our ability to be honest，responsible and reliable is put to the test．(人教大纲版高三第92页)

在许多情形下，我们诚实、负责和可靠的能力受到考验。

There are occasions when(on which)one must yield．

任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

In a sports team each player has a clear role，and there are few occasions when members are confused or uncertain of their roles．(人教大纲版高三第94页)

在运动队里，每一个队员都有一个明确的任务，队员们对自己的任务搞混了或不明确的情况很少。

应当指出，凡是能用关系副词的地方，通常都用关系副词或者that，或者使用零关系词。请对比:

This is the garden where he sunbathes．

=This is the garden(that)he sunbathes．

=This is the garden in which he sunbathes．(正式语体)

这是他日光浴的地方。

That was the time when he arrived．

=That was the time(that)he arrived．

=That was the time at which he arrived．(正式语体)

那是他到达的时间。

That is the way(that)he did it．

=That is the way in which he did it．

这是他做这件事的方式。

但是并不是任何一个用关系副词引导的定语从句都有一个对应的“介词+关系代词”结构。比如在先行项是time和moment时，通常使用零关系词(参见关系词的省略)，这时我们可以认为time和moment是名词当作连词用。

The first time I saw her，she was playing with the children in the orphanage．

我第一次见到她的时候，她在孤儿院和孩子们一起玩耍。

He worked the whole time he lived here．

在这里生活的整个期间，他都在工作。

The moment he came to，he asked about his mother．

他一来就询问他的妈妈在哪里。

提示：

虽然先行项是表示时间、地点的名词或表示原因的reason以及表示方式的way，但当关系词在从句中不是充当状语，而是充当主语、宾语和表语时，就不能使用when，where，why和in which。也就是说选择关系词首先要确定先行项在从句中充当什么句子成分。请对比:

I still remember the days(when)I stayed in Beijing．(先行项作状语)

I have never forgotten the days(which)we spent together．(先行项作宾语)

The days that impressed me most were those when we were without our mother．(先行项作主语)

He showed me the place(where)he taught．(先行项作状语)

This is the city(that)we visited last year．(先行项作宾语)

My home village is no longer the place(that)it used to be．(先行项作表语)

This is the reason(why/that)we must leave early．(先行项作状语)

Please tell us the way(in which/that)the dog died．(先行项作状语)