2.with的复合结构与独立主格结构

把with的复合结构中的介词with去掉，即构成独立主格结构。其结构为:(1)名词(代词)+分词。

They find themselves surrounded by colourful rocks，fishes，seashells and plants，all waving and moving slowly in the blue waters．(人教大纲版高二下第12页)

他们发现自己的周围尽是五彩缤纷的岩石、鱼儿、海贝和水生植物，这些动植物都在蓝色的海水中随波起伏、慢慢地移动着。

提示：

句中的all waving and moving slowly in the blue waters是带现在分词的独立主格结构，其逻辑主语是代词all，逻辑谓语是waving and moving slowly in the blue waters．如果用一个句子来表示就是．．and all were waving and moving slowly in the blue waters．

The test finished，we began our holiday．

考试结束了，我们开始放假。

提示：

句中的the test finished就是带过去分词的独立主格结构，其逻辑主语是名词the test，逻辑谓语是finished，如果用一个句子来表示就是When the test was finished，we began our holiday．

Weather permitting，we are going to visit you tomorrow．

=If weather permits，we are going to visit you tomorrow．

如果天气允许的话，我们明天就去看你。

These characteristics combine in unique ways in each person，forming personality types，each made up of different inner processes and ways of functioning in the world．(人教大纲版高三第98页)

这些特点以独特的方式在每个人身上组合成各种个性类型，每种个性类型又是由不同的内部作用和外部机能构成的。

The last bus having gone，we had to walk home．

=Because the last bus had gone，we had to walk home．

由于末班车已开走，我们只得步行回家。

All things considered，the price would be reasonable．

=If all things considered，the price would be reasonable．

通盘考虑的话，价格是合理的。

More time given，we could have done it better．

=If more time had been given to us，we could have done it better．

假如给我们更多的时间，我们可能做得更好。

(2)名词(代词)+形容词。

He came into the room，his ears red with cold．

他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。

提示：

句中his ears red with cold是独立主格结构，可改为并列句．．and his ears were red with cold．

The boy，his face red，said nothing．

男孩红着脸什么都没说。

(3)名词(代词)+副词。

The class over，the students left the class room in twos and threes．

下课后，学生们三三两两地离开了教室。

Breakfast over，he went to the classroom．

=When breakfast was over，he went to the classroom．

用完早餐后，他回教室了。

He put on his socks wrong，side out．

他穿上袜子，反面朝上。

(4)名词(代词)+不定式。

After 1953 several hundred people have succeeded in climbing the mountain，some to be the first of their nation and many in attempts to climb the mountain over different slopes．(人教大纲版高三第17页)

1953年以来，有几百人成功地攀登了这座山，有些是他们国家最先登上这座山的人，有许多人尝试从不同的坡面攀登。

Here are the first two volumes，the third one to come out next month．

这儿是头两卷，第三卷下个月出版。

The two girls said good-bye to each other，one to go home，the other to go to her friend's．

两个女孩说声再见后，一个回家，另一个去朋友家。

(5)名词(代词)+介词短语。

He came out of the library，a large book under his arm．

他夹着本厚书走出了图书馆。

He went off，gun in hand．

他手里拿着枪离开了。

提示：

独立主格结构使用介词的问题:在“名词+介词+单数可数名词”结构中其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主限定词或冠词)，但with的复合结构不受此限制。

A robber burst into the room，knife in hand．(hand前不能加his)

劫匪冲进房间，手里拿着刀。

The fisherman made his way to the shore，net on shoulder．

=The fisherman made his way to the shore，with a net on his shoulder．

渔夫肩上扛着渔网到海边去了。