8.分词的悬垂现象与对策

分词(短语)作状语时，要注意分词(短语)的逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)必须与句子的主语保持一致，否则就不合乎逻辑。分词的主语与句子的主语不一致的现象称为分词的悬垂现象，这种分词称为悬垂分词，又称为无依着分词或称荡空分词。下面的句子就是误用了悬垂分词:

Walking in the street，a car hit him．

Driving to Chicago that night，a sudden thought came to my mind．

Standing on the hill，the whole village could be seen clearly．

第一个句子要表达“他在街上走的时候，一辆车撞了他”，但是walking的主语却是a car，显然不合乎逻辑，应该改为:

Walking in the street，he was hit by a car．或

When he was walking in the street，a car hit him．或

He walking in the street，he was hit by a car．

由此可见，对于悬垂分词我们有三个对策:

(1)调整为一致，如上面的第三例可以调整为:

Seen from the hill，the whole village could be seen clearly．

(2)分词部分改用从句表达。

When we stood on the hill，the whole village could be seen clearly．

(3)把分词的逻辑主语保留下来，用一个独立主格结构来作状语或用“with+宾语+分词”结构作状语。(详细说明请参看“with+复合宾语”结构)

The test finished，we began our holiday．

=When the test was finished，we began our holiday．

考试结束了，我们开始放假。

The president assassinated，the whole country was in deep sorrow．

=After the president was assassinated，the whole country was in deep sorrow．

总统被暗杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

Weather permitting，we are going to visit you tomorrow．

=If weather permits，we are going to visit you tomorrow．

如果天气允许的话，我们明天就去看你。

This done，we went home．

工作完成后我们才回家。

The door of the room being open，we looked in．

房门开着，我们朝里面看了看。

请比对：

Three girls went to my assistance，including my sister．

All things considered，the price would be reasonable．

=If all things are considered，the price would be reasonable．

通盘考虑的话，价格是合理的。

More time given，we could have done it better．

=If more time had been given to us，we could have done it better．

假如给我们更多时间，我们可能做得更好。

The decision having been made，the next problem was how to make a good plan．决定已经做出，下一个问题就是如何制定一个周密的计划。

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked．

整个下午他都锁着门在工作。

She sat with her head bent．

她垂着头坐着。

She did not answer，with her eyes still fixed on the wall．

她没有回答，眼睛盯着墙看。