6.不定式作状语

(1)“be+形容词+不定式”结构。

“be+形容词+不定式”结构(有些语法专家认为这种结构中的不定式是形容词的宾语)，大体上可分为两大类:一类是句子主语为不定式的逻辑主语;第二类是句子主语为不定式的逻辑宾语。下面进行分说。

①句子主语是不定式的逻辑主语。

能用于这一类的形容词都是一些动态形容词。

表示喜怒哀乐奇的形容词:

He is glad to help others．

他很乐于帮助别人。

We were sorry not to be there．

我们很抱歉没有在那儿。

I am pleased to have been given a job there．

我很高兴在那儿谋到了一份差事。

He was surprised to see me．

看到我他很吃惊。

He was angry to hear them talk like that．

听到他们那样说，他很生气。

提示：

用于这种结构的形容词有angry，glad，happy等，还有一些由过去分词转化而成的形容词也常用于此结构，如annoyed，astonished，delighted，disappointed，dissatisfied，fascinated，frightened，puzzled，surprised等。

表示运气好坏的形容词:

I was also lucky to have some excellent teachers．(人教大纲版高一下第99页)

我也很幸运，遇到了一些优秀的老师。

She was unlucky to miss the chance．

她不走运，错失了良机。

表示心理状态、个人态度的形容词:

We are ready to help you．

我们愿意帮助你。

I am afraid to go swimming．

我不敢游泳。

提示：

用于这种结构的有以下一些形容词:afraid，ashamed，content，impatient，bored，concerned，thankful，interested，worried等。

表示性格特征和行为表现的形容词:

He is foolish to meet her again．

他真傻，居然又去见她。

She was careless to drop the cup．

她很粗心，把茶杯摔碎了。

You are kind to say so．

你这样说很友好。

She was stupid to make such a mistake．

她傻到犯了这样的错误。

提示：

常用于这种句子的形容词有bold，brave，careful，careless，clever，considerate，courageous，cruel，foolish，good，honest，ill-natured，inconsiderate，kind，naughty，nice，polite，right，rude，silly，thoughtful，thoughtless，unkind，unwise，wonderful，wrong等。

这类句子都可转换为it句型:

It is foolish of him to meet her again．

It was careless of her to drop the cup．

②句子主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。

能用于这类句型的形容词又分为两种情况。

一种情况是，能以不定式结构作主语并能转换为先行词it结构。

That question is not difficult to answer if we change the word poetry to songs．(人教大纲版高二上第31页)

如果我们把“诗歌”一词改为“歌曲”，问题就不难回答了。

The car is expensive to buy．

买这辆车很贵。

That book is interesting to read．

那本书读起来很有意思。

The food is nice to eat．

这饭菜吃起来不错。

The chair is comfortable to sit on．

这把椅子坐起来很舒服。

另一种情况是不能以不定式结构作主句主语，因而不能以先行词it句型予以转换。

The wounds are slow to heal and the scars run deep．(人教大纲版高二下第43页)

这些创伤愈合得很慢，伤痕留得很深。

He was very light to carry．(人教大纲版高三第62页)

那时候他背起来很轻。

These oranges are tasty to eat．

这些橘子吃起来很爽口。

The map is clear to read．

这幅地图看得很清楚。

The bed is hard to sleep on．

这张床睡上去很硬。

提示：

当形容词短语作宾补、定语和状语的时候也是如此。

That makes poetry difficult to write，but very interesting to read．(人教大纲版高二上第27页)

这使得写诗很难，而读诗却饶有兴趣。

At length，I was able to get some food nice to eat．

最后，我终于搞到了好吃的东西。

Soft to touch，my cashmere coat gives me a comfortable feeling during hard winter days．

=As it is soft to touch，my cashmere coat gives me a comfortable feeling during hard winter days．

我的羊绒大衣摸上去很柔软，让我在寒冷的冬季感觉很舒适。

(2)动词不定式表示结果。

动词不定式单独使用可以表示结果，但是更多时候用于so．．as to，such．．as to，too．．to，enough to，only to等结构，这时它总是放在被修饰的动词后，相当于状语从句。

The Italian football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians．

=The Italian football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians．

意大利队踢得很成功，大败了巴西队。

For many women such hardship would be too heavy to bear．(人教大纲版高一下第34页)

=For many women such hardship would be too heavy that they couldn't bear them．

对于许多妇女来说，这种困难沉重得令人难以忍受。

Will you be kind enough to lend me your bike?

把你的自行车借给我，行吗?

He spoke in such a loud voice as to be heard by all．

他说话的声音很大，大家都听到了。

提示：

有时，表示结果的动词不定式不能转换为结果状语从句，而只能转换为并列句，但仍表示“结果”的意义。

He got to the station only to be told the train had gone．

=He got to the station and was told that the train had gone．

他到了车站，结果却被告知火车开走了。

这种“only to．．”结构常常表示意想不到的结果。

She rushed to the door，only to discover that it was locked．

她冲到门边，却发现门锁上了。

Marry drove all the way to New York，only to find her friends had moved to Florida．

玛丽一路上开着车赶到纽约，结果却发现她的朋友搬到佛罗里达了。

(3)动词不定式作目的状语。

The bison skins were sent by rail to cities to be sold．(人教大纲版高二下第47页)

野牛皮通过铁路运到城里去卖。

He did what he could to save the boy．

他竭力救助那个男孩。

表示目的的动词不定式可以被认为是修饰句中的动词词组，作目的状语可以放在句首，或者放在修饰的动词后边。

To make it the best ever Games，the capital city will make several big changes．(人教大纲版高一上第53页)

为了办成有史以来最好的奥运会，首都将会产生一些大的变化。

They do their best to win medals．(人教大纲版高一上第53页)

他们竭尽全力夺取奖牌。

动词不定式放在句首比放在后面更为正式一些，语气较重。为了强调目的，可用in order(to)或so as(to)。用in order(to)引起的动词不定式可以放在句首，也可以放在句末。用so as(to)引起的不定式只能放在被修饰的动词后，而不能放在句首。

In order to survive，Chuck develops a friendship with an unusual friend—a volleyball he calls Wilson．(人教大纲版高一上第4页)

为了生存，查克与一名异类朋友建立了友谊，那是一只排球，他管他叫威尔逊。

Too many people forget that in order to become successful，you must first explore your talents and get to know yourself so as to find out where your real interests lie．(人教大纲版高三第98页)

太多的人忘记了，为了取得成功，就必须首先了解你自己的才能，必须了解你自己，必须找到你真正的兴趣所在。

提示：

按照英语语法的要求，in order to和so as to引出的动词不定式的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语相一致。

You should come early in order to see him．(to see的逻辑主语是you)

你想要看他就早点来。

如果动词不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则需用for引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。

In order for you to get through the jungle，a native guide is necessary．

为了让你穿过灌木丛，找一个向导是必要的。

In order to和so as to引起的不定式作目的状语，相当于in order that/so that引导的目的状语从句。

I hired a boat so as to go fishing．=I hired a boat so that I could go fishing．为了捕鱼，我租了一条船。

They left the door open in order for me to hear the baby．

=They left the door open in order that I could hear the baby．

他们开着门以便让我听到婴儿的动静。

(4)动词不定式作方式状语。

动词不定式可作方式状语，尤以“as though/if+不定式”常见。(参见状语从句)

Many of the streets in Disneyland are built to look like streets in the USA in the 1890s．

在迪士尼，很多街道建得就像是19世纪90年代的美国街道。

Christine smiled and turned away，as though to go out of office．

=Christine smiled and turned away，as though she would go out of the office．

克里斯汀笑着转过身去，好像要出办公室的样子。

She opened her lips，as though to speak．

她张大嘴唇，仿佛要说话似的。

He made as if to stand up and leave．

他做出仿佛站起来要走的样子。