5.不定式作补语

提示：

下面的词绝不可以跟复合结构(即不跟“宾语/主语+宾补”):hope，agree，suggest，stop，decide，demand，prevent，refuse，welcome等。

×I can't stop him to go out．

×He is hoped to arrive before nine o'clock．

×We all agreed him to use the telephone．

×Welcome you to visit our school．

×You are demanded to come on time．

×We prevented him to bring his daughter．

不定式可以充当主语的补足语或宾语的补足语，用来补充说明宾语或主语怎么样。补充说明宾语的就是宾语补足语。在被动语态中，补充说明主语，我们称其为主语补足语。从形式上看，在后面跟补足语的形式有以下几类。

(1)see，look at，hear，listen to，notice，observe，watch，feel等表示感官的动词。这些词总是跟不带to的不等式作宾补;改成被动语态时要加上to，这时不定式作主补。

It was fun to see the monkey eat from his hand．(人教大纲版高一上第28页)

看着猴子吃他手里的东西，倒也很有趣。

A piece of ice fell down and I never heard it land．(人教大纲版高一下第31页)

一块冰掉了下来，可我始终没有听到它落地。

She was heard to sing a song．

有人听她唱了一首歌。

Watching Lin Yong and his friends fly through the air makes you wonder whether the sport is too dangerous．(人教大纲版高三第8页)

看着林勇和他的朋友在空中穿梭转动会使你感到奇怪，怀疑这项运动是不是太危险。

I felt my heat beat very fast．

我感觉我的心脏跳得很快。

提示：

feel后跟be动词作补语时要带to，也可以将to be省掉。They all felt the plan to be unwise．

他们觉得这个计划不够明智。

We listened to them talk in the meeting room．

我们听见他们在会议室交谈。

提示：

We listened to him sing in the next room的被动形式是He was listened to sing in the next room．

Was the thief noticed to steal in?

有人注意到小偷溜进去了吗?

I have never observed him do otherwise．

我还没有看到过他用其他的方式做过。

The accused man was observed to enter the bank trying to force the lock of the door．

有人看见被告进了银行，试图把门锁扭开。

提示：

上述词还可以跟现在分词作补语，通常情况下不定式指的是动作的全部，而现在分词指的是动作正在进行中。

She stood by the window and looked out at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey backyard．(人教大纲版高三第84页)

她站在窗前，看着一只灰猫走过那灰蒙蒙的后院里那道灰不溜秋的篱笆墙。

Soames looked at him waiting there．

桑姆斯看着他在那里等呢。

At one moment in a show，you can hear the audience laughing loudly．(人教大纲版高一下第53页)

演出期间，偶尔可以听到观众大笑。

We watched it rising from a mountain—at such a distance we couldn't tell which one．(人教大纲版高二上第76页)

我们看着它从一座山头升起，但距离遥远，不知道是哪座山。

She did not notice her dog licking her hand．(人教大纲版高三第222页)她没有感觉到她的狗在舔她的手。

(2)have，let，make，get等表示“致使”意义的词，其中have，let，make总是跟不带to的不等式;have和get没有被动语态，make在被动语态中要加上to，let后跟单音节的不定式时，不定式一般不带to。

A reporter must know how to ask the right questions and how to get people to talkabout the topic．(人教大纲版高二上第11页)

记者必须懂得如何问恰当的问题，如何让对方开口谈论所设计的话题。

提示：

get也可以跟现在分词作宾补。

The lecturer soon got us thinking．

演讲者很快就让我们大家动起脑子来。

What would you have me do?

你会让我做点什么呢?

I made the little child stand outside．

我让那个小孩站在外面。

He was made to cry．

他被弄哭了。

(3)advise，allow，permit，ask，tell，beg，persuade等表示“劝告”、“允许”和“请求”的词。这些词一般跟带to的不定式作宾补。

Modern science has allowed us to discover that human beings and chimpanzees are closer than we thought—our genes are more than 95%similar!(人教大纲版高三第125页)

现代科学使我们发现人类和黑猩猩的关系比我们过去所认为的还要亲密一些——我们的基因有95%相似!

Are we allowed to use animals for such experiments?(人教大纲版高一下第27页)

能允许用动物做这种实验吗?

A group of experts were asked to solve the problem，but they failed．(人教大纲版高一上第62页)

一批专家被请来解决这个问题，但他们没有成功。

He persuaded his son to move his bed away．

他说服他儿子把床挪动了。

She begged him to save her．(人教大纲版高二上第76页)

她求他前来解救她。

(4)like，prefer，expect，want，order，wish等表示“喜欢”、“想要”、“命令”等心理状态的词。这些词一般跟带to的不定式作宾补。

We want there to be a blackboard at the back of the room．

我们想在房间的后面放一块黑板。

British people stand quite far away from you while talking，as they don't like people to come too close．(人教大纲版高一上第119页)

英国人不喜欢别人离他太近，所以说话的时候他会离你远远地站着。

He ordered a boat to be prepared．(人教大纲版高二上第76页)

他下令准备船只。

I've kept my side of the bargain and I expect himto keep his．(人教大纲版高二下第68页)

我遵守了我的协议，我希望他也能遵守。

There is so much enthusiasm for winter sports in China that the number of people taking part is expected to grow by ten to twenty times in just five years，reaching between 50 and 100 million by 2009．(人教大纲版高三第262页)

在中国，人们对冬季健身非常热情。参与冬季健身的人数有望在5年内增长10到20倍，在2009年时达到5 000万至1亿人。

提示：

like，want，wish，order后跟不定式的被动形式作宾补时，to be可以省去，即用过去分词作宾补。(参见分词)

I would like the radio turned down．

我想把收音机关掉。

They wanted their buildings constructed in a way to look unnatural．(人教大纲版高二上第19页)

他们要把自己的建筑物建成不合自然的模样。

请对比:

He only wanted natural materials，such as stone，brick and wood to be used and many parts of his buildings look like things we find in nature．(人教大纲版高二上第20页)

他只用石料、砖木之类的自然材料，因此他的建筑有许多部分都像我们在大自然里发现的东西。

(5)下面这些词不能单独接不定式作宾语，而必须跟sb．to do，多数词还可直接跟动名词:allow，permit，encourage，advise，forbid，persuade等。

提示：

persuade不能直接跟动名词，但可接persuade sb．into doing结构。

(6)consider，find，think，believe，know，discover，feel，suppose等+(to be+)n．/adj作宾补，其中to be可以省掉;在被动语态中，这些(to be+)n．/adj．作主补。

We found him(to be)honest．

我们觉得他很诚实。

Money was also thought to be important．(人教大纲版高一第148页)

人们认为钱也是重要的。

For the improvement of crops Mendel's genetics were long considered the most important．(人教大纲版高三第35页)

很久以前人们就认为门德尔的遗传学对改良农作物具有非常重要的意义。

The population of the Republic of Ireland is thought to be about three million．(人教大纲版高二上第113页)

人们普遍认为爱尔兰共和国的人口是300万。

He was supposed to be an expert in this field．

人们认为他是这方面的专家。

提示：

除了跟to be外，它们中的一些词还可以跟其他的一些静态动词;如果是动态动词，常常用to be doing(表示将来、正在进行或将来进行)。这个时候不定式是不能省略的。

He is considered to lack experience．

人们认为他经验不足。

He is supposed to know French．

想必他懂法语。

Miss Whitefield is supposed to be coming with me．

估计怀特菲尔德小姐会和我一起来。

He was believed to belong to a certain democratic party．

人们认为他是一位民主党成员。

有时即使是静态动词也用不定式的进行式作补语。

He was positive about the existence of a large unknown continent，and believed its northern coast to be lying somewhere in the Pacific Ocean．(人教大纲版高三第158页)

他确信有一块未知的大陆，而且相信它的北海岸就在太平洋的什么地方。

(7)consider，believe，suppose，know，discover等动词后跟不定式的完成式作宾补，在被动语态中这些不定式的完成式作主补。此时，不定式的完成(进行)式表示发生在主动词之前的动作。

I consider him to have acted disgracefully．

我认为他做得很不光彩。

I believe it to have been a mistake．

我认为这是一个误会。

If we suppose man to have descended from animals，then we can learn something useful from animal behavior．

如果我们以为人类是从动物变来的话，那么我们就能从动物的行为中学到一些有益的东西。

They knew the man to have been a spy．

他们听说此人曾做过间谍。

Strong is considered to have passed the driving test．

人们认为斯特朗已经通过了驾驶考试。

Also，no serious injuries were known to have occurred．也没有发现发生了什么严重的伤害。

She was supposed to have already left for home．

大家认为她已经动身回家了。

提示：

“be supposed+动词不定式”除了表示“想必……”、“估计……”外，还可以当作情态动词词组用，此时的意思是“应该、理应”，表示一种义务。至于何时表示什么意义，要视上下文和语境而定。

At the present moment he is suppose to be in Paris．

a．想必这个时候他在巴黎。b．这个时候他应该在巴黎。

He is supposed to have helped the boy out．

a．估计他帮了那个男孩。b．他是应该帮助那个男孩的。

He is supposed to be washing the car．

a．想必他在洗车。b．他这个时候应该洗车。

但有一种情况是可以肯定的，即当be supposed后跟一个动态动词的不定式的一般式时，往往表示义务。

He is supposed to arrive on the five o'clock train．

他必须坐五点钟的火车来。

(8)ask for，call on/upon(请求、号召)，care for(关心)，count on(依靠、指望)，depend on(依赖、依靠)，long for(渴望)，rely on(依靠、指望)，wait for(等待)等双词动词和多词动词keep(on)at(一再要求)。这些词一般跟带to的不定式作宾补。

Can you ask(for)her to ring me back?

你能请她给我回拨一个电话吗?

The chairman called upon the secretary to read the minutes of the last meeting．

主席叫书记宣读了上次会议的记录。

I am counting on you to help me through．

我还在指望你帮我度过难关呢。

You may depend on me to be there on time．

我会准时去那儿的，尽管放心。

The children kept(on)at their mother to take them to the fair，but she was always too tired．

孩子们一再要求他们的妈妈带他们去赶集，但是她一直很累。

They both waited for something to happen．(人教大纲版高一上第83页)

他们都等着发生点什么。

提示：

上述短语动词很少有被动语态。偶见rely/depend on/upon sb．to do的被动结构。

Most industry within Cornwall can be relied on to produce only modest growth．可以指望康沃尔的大多数工业生产适量增长。

Only the workers can be depended upon to lead the people in their struggle against war-minded monopoly capital．

只有依靠工人阶级才能领导人民发动针对垄断资产阶级的斗争。

(9)在“be said/be rumored+不定式”的被动语态结构中，不定式用作主语补足语。

The tiny village of Frinley is said to possessa“cursed tree”．(NCE第二册第58课)

据说弗林利这个小村里有一棵“该诅咒的树”。

An egg is said to be the equivalent of a pound of meat．

据说一个鸡蛋相当于一磅肉的价格。

He is said to have declared that Voltaire was his God．

听说他已经宣布伏尔泰是他的上帝。

He is rumored to have escaped to Dublin．

传闻他逃到了都柏林。

提示：

①be said/rumored to．．没有相应的主动语态。

×We say him to be a teacher．

√He is said to be a teacher．

√It is said that he is a teacher．听说他是个老师。②在此结构中，作主补的动词不定式可以是一般式、进行式和完成式，但是跟一般式时，动词必须是静态动词(to be最为常见)，动态动词常用to be doing(表示将来、正在进行或将来进行)。

×He is said to come．

√He is said to be coming．

√It is said that he will come/will be coming/is coming．听说他要来。

×He is said to study English．

√He is said to be studying English．据说他在学英语。