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高中英语语法新体验——从经典例句开始
1.10.3.2 2.定式作宾语

2.定式作宾语

不定式作宾语是我们学习的重点。在这一节里,我们要讨论只能跟不定式作宾语的词,还将讨论既可跟不定式也可跟动名词的动词以及它们在跟不定式和动名词时的差别。在学习的时候,如果参见一下动名词章节就会达到举一反三、相得益彰的效果。

(1)动词不定式用作宾语的时候特别多。不是所有的及物动词都可以带不定式作宾语。下面的这些动词能直接跟不定式:agree,choose,decide,expect,hope,manage,offer,pretend,hate,like,love,prefer,begin,cease,continue,start,forget,remember,regret,intend,mean,plan,want,wish,help,ask,beg,demand,offer,promise,refuse,swear,afford,fail,learn,think,try等。

The two reporters agreed to switch roles for once.(人教大纲版高二上第11页)

两位记者同意变换一下角色。

If I were to live long enough to have a job,I would choose to be a doctor,helping these AIDS patients.(人教大纲版高二上第52页)

如果我能活到参加工作,我要选择医生这个职业,以帮助这些艾滋病患者。

If it is attacked,it first makes itself look bigger and pretends to be a dangerous snake.(人教大纲版高三第253页)

如果(这种蛇)受到攻击,它首先使自己看起来更大,假装是一种危险的蛇。

Only by discovering what we do best can we hope to reach our goals and trulymake a difference.(人教大纲版高二上第7页)

只有发现自己的专长,我们才有希望达到自己的目标并真正有所作为。

Australians are fond of their language and love to have fun with it.(人教大纲版高三第23页)

澳大利亚人喜欢他们的语言,爱用他们的话来开玩笑。

(2)下面的这些能接动名词作宾语,而不能接不定式:consider,dislike,mind,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,give up,imagine,keep(on),miss,practice,stop,suggest,insist on等。(参见动名词)

Have you considered looking for a special friend?

你有没有考虑交一个特殊朋友呢?

Would you mind giving a talk on DNA today?

今天请您做一个有关DNA的讲座,不介意吧?

I enjoy working here.

我喜欢在这儿工作。

The bird missed being caught.

这只鸟险些被逮着。

I suggest holding a meeting to discuss the problem.

我提议召开会议讨论这个问题。

(3)既能跟不定式也能跟动名词的词。

①下面这些词既可跟不定式作宾语,也可跟动名词作宾语,意义无多大差别:begin,start,continue,like,love,prefer,hate,intend等。(参见动名词)

The band began to play.

乐队开始演奏。

So at once I began to make preparations for a trip home.

我立即为回家的行程做准备。

You should start saving/to save money now.

你从现在起就应该攒钱了。

In winter the boys like playing/to play football.

在冬天,男孩子们喜欢踢球。

提示:

①在start和begin之后表示意愿时,用动名词居多;表示非意愿时,用不定式居多。

It has started to rain.

开始下雨了。

The leaves began to fall.

树叶开始落了。

②当用进行时态时要用不定式。

It is beginning to rain.

下起雨来了。

I am starting to write my essay tomorrow.

我明天开始写论文。

③当之后的动词为静态动词时,用不定式。

We began to see what he meant.

我们开始懂他的意思了。

She began to believe his story.

她渐渐地相信他的故事了。

I began to like the place.

我慢慢地喜欢上这个地方了。

④在would like/love/prefer/hate/intend之后表示一个特定的新动作,只能用不定式。

I'd like to buy a new suit.

我想买一套新西装。

I'd prefer to walk this morning.

今天早上我想走走。

I'd hate to disappoint him.

我可不愿意让他失望。

I'd intend to live in the country when I went home.

回到国内后我打算住在乡下。

②need,want之后可以用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式。(参见动名词)

The house wants repairing.=The house wants to be repaired.

这个房子需要修缮了。

My son need needs looking after=My son needs to be looked after.

我儿子需要看护。

③forget,remember和regret跟不定式表示之后的动作;跟动名词表示之前的动作。

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提示:

①regret doing有时并不表示对做过的事情后悔,而是对正在发生的事情表示遗憾。

I really regret leaving the party so early like this.

我真抱歉这么早就得离开聚会。

②forget,remember和regret后跟动名词的时候,如果说话人强调“业已完成”这一概念,也可采用forget,remember和regret后跟动名词的完成形式这一结构,两者的差异不是很大。

④go on,stop后跟不定式时是状语,后跟动名词时是宾语。

At nine,they stopped watching TV.

九点的时候,他们就没有看电视了。

At nine,they stopped to watch TV.

九点的时候,他们停下来看电视。

He went on reading.

他们继续读书。

He said that Mother had gone to the hospital,and went on to say that Grandmother was coming to take care of us.

他说妈妈去住院了,接着说奶奶要来照顾我们。

⑤try+to do表示“努力”、“设法”;try+doing表示“试看”、“试用”。

If you want to improve the taste,try adding some sugar.

如果你想把味道搞得更好些,可以试着加一点糖。

He tried to answer the question himself.

他想自己回答这个问题。

⑥can't help+(to)do表示“不能帮着做”;can't help+doing表示“禁不住”。

He couldn't help laughing.

我忍不住笑了。

I can't help him making so many mistakes.

他要犯这么多错误,我有什么办法?

I can't help to do the housework because I'm busy.

我不能帮着做家务,我太忙了。

⑦mean+to do表示“打算”;mean+doing表示“意味着”。

I didn't mean to make you angry.

我并不是想让你生气。

Your plan would mean spending hours.

你的计划意味着要花好几个小时。

To raise wages means increasing purchasing power.提高工资就意味着增加购买力。

提示:

当mean所解释的对象是由不定式短语充当时,也可以用对应的不定式作其宾语,此时不定式被当成了名词性的短语,而不是mean to do这个短语。

To do this means to cut the foot to fit the shoe.(95人教版高三第65页)这样做意味着削足适履。

Centuries ago,the word“bee-line”was created and today the expression“to make a beeline for someone or something”means to go quickly along a straight course for somebody or something.(人教大纲版高三第122页)

几个世纪前,人们就创造了“bee-line(直线)”这个词。现在,人们用to make a beeline for someone or something表示“径直朝某人或某物走过去”。

(4)except和but是能跟不定式作宾语的为数不多的其中两个介词。

He did nothing but laugh all over the meal.

他在吃饭的时候什么也没做,就是笑。

When she changed her mind,he had no choice but to go abroad to sell the diamond.(人教大纲版高三第116页)

当她改变主意后,他没有办法了,只得出国去把钻石卖掉。

I didn't know what I could do except repeat“Thank you”.

除了不停地说“谢谢”外,我不知道该怎么做才好。

提示:

在一般情况下,表示“例外”含义的but和except与不定式连用时,应接带to的不定式,但是当它的前面有实义动词do以及do的变化形式时,动词不定式符号to常常被省略,但并非强制性的。

We'll do everything but confess our guilt.

除了承认我们有罪外,什么事我们都愿意干。

There was nothing to do but to remain.

只有留下来,别无办法。

There is nothing to do but to shut up?

除了闭嘴不说话之外,就再也没有什么事可做了?

(5)如果宾语有自己的补语(形容词或名词),则要用引导词it置于动词的后面,把真正的宾语动词不定式置后。

People who listen to Hawking's lectures sometimes find it difficult to understand him.(人教大纲版高二上第4页)

人们听霍金的讲座有时觉得深奥难懂。

She thought it unnecessary to argue with him about it.

她觉得没有必要跟他辩论。

I think it my duty to help him.

我觉得帮他是我的义务。

He makes it a rule to take a walk before breakfast.

他习惯了在早餐之前散步。

能用这个结构的动词有consider,feel,find,make,think,believe,declare,guess,imagine,judge,prove,realize,report,see,show,suppose,take(=suppose,think),understand等。在上述句型中,不定式for的复合结构作宾语的情况也很普通,这时引导词it就代替了整个复合结构。

Zhongguancun made it possible for him to follow his dreams and help the country he loves.(人教大纲版高二下第3页)

中关村使他有可能实现自己的梦想,并为自己所热爱的国家作出应有的贡献。

They think it best for you to do this job.

他们认为你最好做这个工作。

The experts considered it necessary for English to be taught in all primary schools.

专家们认为在小学开英语课是必要的。

在某些由动词和介词组成的短语中,如take..in turn,have..in mind,leave..to,owe..to等,常用引导词it来作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语置于句末。

They took it in turn to ask some difficult questions.

他们轮流问一些难题。

I owe it to Mary to explain that she did that on my account.

我应该替玛丽解释,她是为了我才那样做的。

I have long had it in mind to answer your letter.

我一直想给你回信的。

(6)下面的词既可以跟不定式作宾语,也可跟sb to do作复合宾语:advise,ask,beg,prefer,want,expect,help等。

In order to help the other calm down,he asked to be taken to the baths.(人教大纲版高二上第76页)

为了使对方平静下来,他要求带他去洗澡。

They asked me to find it,so I continued my investigation.(人教大纲版高三第116页)

他们要求我把它找出来,所以我又继续作调查。

They preferred her not to go with them.

他们宁愿她不跟他们一道去。

I would like to do some stopping.

我想买点东西。

He wanted me to go there.

他想要我去那里。

(7)动词不定式的完成式与表示愿望的动词的过去时连用,可以表示过去未曾实现的动作。

I meant to have given you the book this morning,but I forgot to bring it here.

我本想今天早晨给你那本书的,但我忘记带来了。

He never thought to have lived to see this day.

他从未想到会活着看到这一天。

这些动词常用的有expect,intend,wish,mean,want以及would/should like/ love等。

I should like to have gone to the match that day,but the tickets were all sold out.

我那天本想去看比赛的,谁料到票已经全部售完了。

动词不定式的完成式to have gone表示过去未曾发生的动作。

以上例子是动词不定式表示过去未实现的动作的句型,与谓语动词的过去完成时句型所表达的意思相同,这两种句型可以交替使用。

I intended to have come.

=I had intended to come.

我本打算来的。

然而动词不定式的完成式与表示愿望的这些动词的现在时搭配,可以表示预计将来要完成的动作,相当于一个将来完成时句型。

I expect to have finished the book by then.

我希望到那时写完这本书。

I hope to have read the book by the time you come back at7 o'clock.

我希望在你七点钟回来前读完这本书。

(8)另外,在某些动词之后,可以用疑问连词how,what,who,where,when和whether后跟一个带to的动词不定式。

I found out where to buy fruit cheaply.

我搞清楚了哪里可以买到便宜水果。

I hope you'll advise me what to do.

我希望你给我一些建议,告诉我该怎么做。

Have you considered how to tell him that?

你考虑过怎么告诉他吗?

可以这样用的动词有know,ask,tell,explain,show,wonder,consider,find out,understand,forget,discuss,decide,learn,teach,discover,think等。