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高中英语语法新体验——从经典例句开始
1.4.4.4 4.用在部分单数可数名词之前

4.用在部分单数可数名词之前

(1)用在表示家庭成员的名词以及nurse,cook,teacher等名词前,表示家庭成员的名词在这种场合常常大写。

Mother says that we should help him.

妈妈说我们应该帮帮他。

Cook has made noodles for the occasion.

厨师特地做了面条。

Teacher was pleased with our work.

(家庭)老师对我们的功课很满意。

(2)用在表示日常餐食的名词前。

Have you had breakfast?

你吃早餐了吗?

After lunch the students usually take a nap.

午饭后,孩子们通常午休一下。

Dinner will be served at eight o'clock.

晚宴八点开始。

Will you stay for tea with us?

愿意留下来和我们一起喝下午茶吗?

提示:

但如果是特指或指具体的饮食时,可用定冠词。

The breakfast was well cooked.

这顿早餐烧得不错。

We used to bring the lunch with us when we went to work there.

我们去那里工作的时候常常是带上午餐的。

The supper was cold.

晚饭凉了。

Have you made(the)tea?

你沏好茶了吗?

Mother was preparing(the)dinner.

妈妈在准备晚餐。

(3)用在表示季节的名词前。

在英国英语中一般用零冠词。

I last saw him in(the)spring.

我最后一次看到他是在春天的时候。

Spring has come round again.

春天又来了。

It's such a warm day.It is almost like early summer.

天气很暖和。很有点初夏的气息。

It's very cold in winter in this part of China.

中国的这块地方冬天很冷。

Winter in South China is not so cold.

华南的冬天不是很冷。

提示:

当作者(说话人)想到与季节有关的气候、温度、周围景色或这种自然现象的周期性时,采用上述零冠词用法。引申到比喻时也不用冠词。

Russia was winter.China was spring.

俄罗斯如冬天,中国如春天。

如果作者(说话人)仅把季节看作一年的某一部分时,可以用定冠词。Birds fly north in(the)summer and south in(the)winter.

鸟在夏天飞往北方,冬天飞往南方。

We play football in the winter.We swim in the summer.

我们冬天踢足球,夏天游泳。

如果季节名称在句中含有特定的时间概念,则用定冠词。

The famous Huai-hai Campaign was fought in the winter of 1948.

著名的淮海战役是在1948年冬天进行的。

The Summit Conference was scheduled to take place in the spring(=the coming spring).

峰会预定在明年春天举行。

Where do Mr.and Mrs.Kent spend the summer?

肯特夫妇在什么地方过夏天呢?

如果泛指“某一个”或“某一种”这类概念时,季节的名称要用不定冠词。

You don't often have a cold winter in Shanghai,do you?

你们上海冬天不冷吧?

We had a terribly hot summer this year.

今年我们经历了极其炎热的夏天。

(4)用在与at,in,to等连用的某些组织名词或机构名词以及town,home等名词前。如be in/go to bed/church/prison/hospital(特别在英国英语中)/class(特别在美国英语中)。

be at school/college/sea/university

be at/go home

be in/go to town

比较下列各组中冠词的用法:

img18

提示:

①在美国英语中常说go to the hospital。

②应当记住go to the cinema,go to the theater,go to the opera,go to the pictures(看电影)和go to the movies总是有定冠词,甚至表示抽象的cinema和theater前面也总有定冠词。

③如果说话人把机构或建筑物与其本人或有关系的人密切联系时,一般不用冠词。如:

学校的通知:“No pupil is allowed in school on Sundays.”

某银行的职员提到总行时称:“Head Office.”

而指其他银行的总行时称:“the head office.”

教师可能对家里人说:“I'm just slipping up to school for a few minutes.”

(5)用在与by连用的交通、通讯工具名词前。

Did you travel by bike/car/bus/train/boat/ship/aeroplane?

你是骑车/开车/坐汽车/坐火车/坐船/乘船/坐飞机旅行吗? I came here by road/land/sea/air/rail.

我是由公路/由陆路/由海路/通过航空/乘火车来的。

We keep in touch by letter/email/telephone/radio.

我们是通过信件/电子邮件/电话/无线电保持联系的。

提示:

比较下列各组中冠词的用法:

img19

(6)时间名词表示抽象或一般意义时,可用零冠词。如at dawn/daybreak/ dusk/night/noon/sunset/sunrise/twilight(黄昏)/midnight/night,by night(在夜里)等。

We get up when/after/before day breaks.

我们天亮时/后/前起床。

Her hair is(as)black as night.

她的头发黑得像黑夜一般。

Morning is the best time for work.

一日之计在于晨。

My grandfather doesn't read by night because of his poor eye-sight.

我爷爷晚上不看书,因为他视力不好。

Roosters crow at sunrise and sleep at sunset.

公鸡天亮打鸣,日落睡觉。

(7)用在大部分表示疾病的名词前。

Mother is laid up with high blood pressure.

妈妈因为高血压卧病在床。

He suffers from AIDS.

他受艾滋病之苦。

提示:

但有些表示疾病的名词前也可用定冠词或不定冠词,如(the)flu,(the)measles,(the)mumps,(the)gout,(the)cholera,(the)grippe,(the)smallpox,a cold,a fever,a headache,a bad/dry cough,etc.