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现代实用商务英语翻译
1.12.3 第三节 长句的翻译方法

第三节 长句的翻译方法

商务合同中使用的语言多属法律语言范畴,强调语言结构和措辞的严密,合同中多用复杂长句来表达完整含义。复杂长句的使用能够在有限的条款中完整准确地界定缔约双方权利和义务的关系,排除一切可能产生的歧义与误解,确保合同句子结构的严谨性。尽管英文商务合同长句包含许多修饰成分,多个从句,枝杈横生,结构复杂,但脉络清晰,长而不乱,表达准确,逻辑严密,都是按照基本的语法规则组成的。因此,翻译这些长句的关键是弄清原句结构关系,分清主次,理顺脉络,确定句子的主干结构,分析各语法层次之间的逻辑关系;充分了解英文重形合、汉语重意合的特点,灵活运用顺译法、逆译法、分译法、合译法等多种翻译方法,用规范的译入语忠实准确地传达出原文的意义。

一、顺序法

所谓顺序法就是按照原文的顺序进行翻译。如果原文所陈述的一连串的动作基本上按发生的时间先后安排或原文的内容按逻辑关系排列时,此类长句与汉语的表达方式比较一致,可按原文的顺序译出。

【例14】In the event that the Company’s operations are reduced substantially from the scale of operation originally anticipated by the parties, or the Company experience substantial and continuing losses resulting in negative retained earnings not anticipated by the Parties in the agreed Business Plan, or in any other circumstance permitted under Applicable Laws or agreed by the Parties, the Parties may agree to reduce the registered capital of the Company on a pro rata basis.

译文:如果合营公司的经营规模比双方原来预期的规模有大幅度缩减,或合营公司持续遭受严重亏损,导致双方商定的业务计划中所未预期的盈余保留负数,或在任何相关法律允许或双方一致同意的情况下,双方可以协议按原有出资比例减资。

分析:上述句子的逻辑关系非常清楚,即:三个假设条件,一个结论,表达顺序与汉语一致。因此,此句按原文的顺序译出。

【例15】All profits paid by the company to Party C,all salaries and allowances paid by the company to foreign personnel, all direct expenses incurred as a result of the technology transfer and which must be paid by the company to Party C in foreign currency and all other payments that must be made by the company in foreign currency shall be made in United States Dollars or some other freely convertible currency that is mutually agreed upon.

译文:该公司支付给C方的利润,外来人员的工资、津贴和因技术转让而发生的应以外币支付的直接费用,以及所有其他应以外币支付的款项,应以美元或相互同意的可自由兑换的货币支付。

分析:此句的主干为:All profits,all salaries and allowances,all direct expenses and all other payments shall be made.句中作后置定语的三个过去分词短语和三个定语从句使得整个句子结构复杂,句中套句,但却条理清楚,逻辑严密,行文流畅。由于原文的逻辑顺序与汉语逻辑顺序基本相同,因此,可采用顺序法进行翻译。

二、逆序法

英汉两种语言在表达方面存在差异,英语句子多数为先主句后从句;在表达逻辑顺序时先果后因,先推论后条件,先事实后让步。而汉语句子多数为先从句后主句;在表达逻辑顺序时先因后果,先条件后推论,先让步后转折。逆序法就是在有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同时,按照汉语的表达习惯,打破原文次序和结构,从原文的后面往前翻译。

【例16】Should any shortage, missing, damage or cases which are not in conformity with the quality standards provided for in the previous Articles of the Contract be found, a certificate shall be issued by China Commodity Inspection Bureau as an effective evidence for the Buyer to claim replacement (s), repair or supplement from the Seller, in case the Seller is responsible.

译文:若发现短缺、丢失、损害或不符合本合同前述条款规定的质量标准时,若属卖方责任,中国商品检验局出具的证明书是买方向卖方要求更换、修理或补齐的有效证据。

分析:这是一个复合句,其主干结构为A certificate shall be issued...。句子包含两个条件从句:Should any shortage, missing, damage or cases...be found和in case the Seller is responsible,为使译文符合汉语先条件后推论的表达习惯,采用逆序法,将in case引导的条件从句提前翻译。

【例17】The seller shall not be responsible for non-shipment or later shipment of contract goods or any part thereof which is due to Force Majeure or any other causes which are beyond the seller’s control and causes which are due to the failure of the buyer to provide in time a latter of credit or other instructions which are requested by the seller.

译文:如果由于买方未按卖方要求及时开立信用证或通知卖方有关情况,或由于出现卖方无法控制的原因,或由于出现不可抗拒的风险,卖方对未能交货或迟交合同货物不负任何责任。

分析:此句是由一个主句和四个定语从句组成。原文先说结果,后说原因,但为了符合汉语的行文规范,将原因提前,结果放后。

三、分译法

分译法就是将原文一个句子分成几个句子来翻译,或者将其中某个较长的修饰成分单独翻译成一句或几句。这是由于在商务合同中有些句子过长,又含有多层意思,而主句和从句或主句与修饰语之间的关系又不十分紧密,若按原文翻译,会使译文结构松散,意义不明确。这时可以把长句中的从句或短语化为句子,分开来翻译。

【例18】The Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Seller for compensation of losses within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,should the quality of the goods be found not in conformity with the specifications stipulated in the Contract after re-inspection by the AQSIQ and the Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Seller for compensation of short-weight within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,should the weight be found not in conformity with that stipulated in the Bill of Lading after re-inspection by the AQSIQ.

译文:若货物经国家质检总局复检后发现质量与本合同之规定不符,买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出索赔。若经国家质检总局复检发现货物质量与提单所示重量不符,买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出短重索赔。

分析:这是一个并列复合句,其主干为The Buyer shall have the right...and the Buyer shall have the right...。句中的两个并列分句结构相同,均为主句在前,条件状语在后,两个并列分句中的主句都含有相同的时间状语:within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination。按照汉语的表达习惯,条件状语一般应位于主句之前,而所有的时间状语均放在各自修饰的动词的前面。同时,为了符合汉语句式较短的特点,可以将两个并列分句断开,分解成两个单句。

【例19】All machines supplied under this Agreement shall be packed in seaworthy wooden cases capable of withstanding rough handling and all bright metal parts shall be protected from water and dampness in transit by a coating of slush compound that will not liquefy and run off under changing weather conditions.

译文:凡卖方根据本协议供应的所有机器均须以适合长途海洋运输且能经受粗暴装卸的木箱包装,所有明亮的金属部件均须以油脂复合物涂层保护,以防止其在运输过程中受水受潮,使用的油脂在天气变化时须能保持不液化流失。

分析:此句为并列复合句,其中含有两个方式状语:in seaworthy wooden cases…;by a coating of slush compound….若按原句结构直接翻译会使译文拗口,为使语意连贯,可按汉语多用短句的习惯,将句子在第一个and处断开,第二个方式状语转换成并列句。

四、综合法

在翻译英文合同长句时,有时仅用上述一种翻译方法难以准确地传达出原文的意义。如遇到这种长句译者就应该仔细分析和推敲,或按时间顺序,或按逻辑顺序,使用顺译、逆译、分译等方法,有主有次地对全句进行综合处理。

【例20】Either Party may terminate the contract in case of failure on the part of the other Party to fulfill or perform any of its obligations hereunder and in the event that such failure remains unremedied sixty (60) days after the service of a written notice as described in Article X below by the non-defaulting Party to the other Party specifying the failure in question and requiring it to be remedied.

译文:如果一方未完成或未履行其在本合同项下的任何义务,而且为按照下述第X条规定在守约方向其送达书面通知,指出其违约行为并要求其予以改正后六十(60)天内,其仍然未予以改正,任何一方可以终止本合同。

分析:原文是商务合同中有关终止的条款,其主干结构为:Either Party may terminate the contract...;修饰谓语动词的条件状语有两个:in case of failure…;and in the event that…。因为汉语的行文习惯一般是先条件后结论,所以采用逆序法翻译此句,将条件状语提前至句首;又因为“in the event that”引导的条件从句包含多层意思,即:违约行为60天内未改正,60天是从无责任方书面通知送达之日算起,书面通知中无责任方已指出对方违约行为并要求其改正等等,如不对内容进行分解,则可能导致句义混乱。因此,此句也采用了分译法。