导读
1599年上半年,伦敦泰晤士河南岸,“环球剧场”新落成,首演莎士比亚的《亨利五世》。以早期习作《亨利六世》开头的一系列深受观众欢迎的英国历史剧,到此画上了圆满的句号。那一年秋天,又上演了古罗马历史剧《裘力斯·凯撒》。进入创作巅峰状态的莎士比亚,从此把他的才华转向了悲剧领域,一系列惊心动魄的大悲剧将相继而来,首先问世的是世纪之初的《哈姆雷特》(1600年)。在莎士比亚的创作道路上,处在历史剧《亨利五世》和悲剧《哈姆雷特》之间的《裘力斯·凯撒》占有着特殊的地位。
《裘力斯·凯撒》(简称《裘》剧)是莎剧中直接涉及共和政体与帝制斗争的作品,民主精神有可能最为突出。不过,共和主义在这里主要是以历史背景出场的,剧本所写的一场政治斗争,在开场不久便显出其更丰富的内容是关于政治道德方面的。莎剧中政治主题作品居多,但其政治主人公为的多是一己之利或小集团利益,主要是哈姆雷特与这里的勃鲁托斯同他们有所区别。哈姆雷特主要是为“重整乾坤”,把丹麦从牢狱中解放出来而复仇;而勃鲁托斯则完全是出于对共和主义的信仰,“因为不忍看罗马的人民受到暴力的压迫,所以才不得已把凯撒杀死。”他的战友中,也多是道德理想主义者,甘为事业献身,与帝制派形成对照。由此,可将《裘》剧视作莎剧中最富于崇高性的作品。确实,共和主义与帝制的孰优孰劣在该剧中未能得到充分展示,但它对共和主义者的同情与赞赏却是毋庸置疑的,这一倾向颇能表明,莎剧正在转向对君主专制政体的怀疑。此外,《裘》剧还是莎剧中第一出不择手段、阴谋野心取得胜利的作品,这也是富于意义的,因为它进一步说明,《裘》剧是几年后能代表莎士比亚最高成就的《哈姆雷特》等4个大悲剧的成功的预演。
这出戏写的是古罗马共和国时代发生的故事,以描绘波澜壮阔的政治斗争而闻名。公元前44年,“前三人执政”之一的裘力斯·凯撒大权独揽,有心称王。2月15日这天,在庆祝战胜庞贝之子的大会上,他的许多追随者三呼万岁,要他黄袍加身。他则鉴于种种原因,半推半就,加以拒绝。一个叫凯歇斯的执政官素与凯撒不和,借此机会宣扬凯撒有称帝野心,罗马人民将生活在专制的淫威之下。他劝说德高望重的首席执政官勃鲁托斯率众推翻独裁者。勃鲁托斯是凯撒的好友,但为了保卫共和与自由,经过一番内心斗争,听从了凯歇斯的劝告。他哪里知道凯歇斯这样的人怀抱个人的野心和对凯撒的怨恨,在利用他的威望。3月15日,他们乘凯撒去神庙听请愿之机,一拥而上,乱剑将他刺死,最后一剑是勃鲁托斯所刺,凯撒倒下前,怔怔地望着他说:“你也,勃鲁托斯!那么倒下吧,凯撒!”在凯撒的葬礼上,勃鲁托斯对民众表白了自己的心迹,说明这样做的原因。他还以一向具有的宽宏大度阻止部下杀死凯撒的亲信军官马克·安东尼,而还允许他收敛凯撒遗体,参加葬礼并当众发表演说。安东尼利用这个机会巧妙煽动,宣传凯撒的功绩和仁德,把听众的不满情绪慢慢地转向勃鲁托斯等人。在满城为凯撒报仇的怒吼声中,勃鲁托斯率部逃走,到小亚细亚一带招兵买马,与安东尼等人对抗。安东尼与凯撒的养子奥克泰维斯及大将莱必多斯联合组成“后三人执政”,进剿叛军。公元前42年秋季在菲利比全歼勃鲁托斯所部,勃鲁托斯拔剑自刎。
《裘力斯·凯撒》是莎士比亚悲剧艺术走向成熟的标志。它是“一个人”的悲剧,我们在剧中看到一个人因自己性格的缺点怎样走向毁灭的全过程,而且这个人具有比其他人更高尚的品质,他的悲剧命运引人泣下,发人深思。
从该剧所写的题材来看,这似乎是政治剧。但政治作为人类生活中最重要的活动之一,与人的本质、社会的构成及人与人之间的冲突紧密相连。本剧就通过人与人之间的冲突及理想与现实之间的冲突来揭示人性的本质。尽管剧名叫做《裘力斯·凯撒》,可凯撒并不是这出戏的主角。莎士比亚的同情也不在这一边。他是专制的化身,虽然他在剧中并没来得及称王。他之过早地死去就说明他只是戏剧情节发展的一个引线。他的死起到的作用是引出一场更大的带有实质性的政治冲突。这出戏的真正主角是勃鲁托斯。
勃鲁托斯为什么会走上毁灭的道路呢?他意志坚定,道德高尚,信奉斯多葛派哲学,清心寡欲,把荣誉和责任看得比自己的性命还重,不遗余力地为正义和自由去斗争。他是凯撒的好朋友,却下手除掉他,表面上看起来是中了凯歇斯的奸计,是过于轻信别人,实际上乃是因为他过于看重理想。完全可以说,正是他的忠实于理想的优秀品质产生的某种与现实格格不入的东西,最终给他带来失败和灾难。这些优秀品质摆在一个特殊环境中,在强调权术的政治斗争中,在注重功利的世俗中,就变成了脆弱易受攻击的缺陷。由此可知,勃鲁托斯的失败是注定的了。他杀死凯撒,也并没有改变独裁政治的进程。公元前27 年凯撒的养子奥克泰维斯称帝。
剧中凯撒、安东尼、凯歇斯以及广大罗马民众都是功利主义者,凯歇斯口口声声说他反对凯撒是为了保卫共和国,维护民众的利益,其实只有勃鲁托斯是这样。他在刺杀凯撒以后对民众的演说中说:“要是哪位朋友问我为什么勃鲁托斯要起来反对凯撒,这就是我的回答:并不是我不爱凯撒,可是我更爱罗马。你们宁愿让凯撒活在世上,大家做奴隶而死呢,还是让凯撒死去,大家做自由人而生?我用眼泪报答他的友谊,用喜悦庆祝他的幸运,用尊敬崇扬他的勇敢,用死亡惩戒他的野心。”他认定了凯撒有称帝的企图。在决定行刺之前,他也曾百般踌躇,把这个念头当做最大的秘密保留心中,连亲爱的妻子也不告诉。当他认定自己的判断正确的时候,就果断地行动,坚信民众会支持他,他光明正大,请公众来判断:“为了罗马的好处,我杀死了我的最好的朋友,要是我的祖国需要我的死,那么无论什么时候,我都可以用那同一把刀子杀死我自己。”群众不要他死,并且高呼一切光荣归于他。但民众是靠不住的,他们为了这一个自由的空名不会高兴得太久,崇高理想不会给他们多大安慰。一到安东尼用实际利益来诱惑他们,说凯撒在死前几天曾下令,给每个罗马市民75个德拉克马,而且凯撒根本就没有称帝野心时,他们马上转向,拥护凯撒,要求处死勃鲁托斯及其同伙。第三幕第二场大市场上的演说,是极为精彩的一场戏,是全剧的一个转折点。有人认为这场戏表现莎士比亚不信任民众,把他们说成反复无常、趋炎附势的群氓的错误政治观点。的确,莎士比亚讽刺的矛头是指向市民们的。在他笔下安东尼装出一副极度悲伤的神情,一开始就声明,他是来埋葬凯撒,而不是来赞美他的,但他用的是煽动性很强的语言,用暗示、讽刺挖苦等手法攻击勃鲁托斯等人,对民众起到相当大的影响。民众因此就成了政治家随意摆弄的棋子。莎士比亚的确在很多场合表现了他的基本上与统治者相一致的政治观点。但衡量其思想的进步与否,不能只看他是否赞成大众,或者说是否和多数站在一起。多数并不一定代表历史的正确方向。而且莎士比亚在写戏,他要写各种各样的场景,政治斗争只是其中之一,他始终最关心的是人性。他没有必要努力说明谁是人民,谁创造历史。他的目的在于揭示勃鲁托斯所代表的进步的思想与世俗的法则的对立,从而揭示一个人物悲剧命运的发展过程。
安东尼是世俗法则的代表。他了解群众的需要,所以提到那笔钱。在演讲中,勃鲁托斯号召大家用理智来决定国家的命运和前途。而安东尼则诉诸民众的感情,用具体可见的东西而不是空洞的理论来打动他们。他抓着了人性的根底。勃鲁托斯因为自己有崇高的理想和信念,就过高地估计人们的善良和正义感。他看不见这根底。值得注意的是,他杀死凯撒,认为可以将自由还给人民,但人民却向他呼喊:“让勃鲁托斯作凯撒!”群众根本不关心什么专制独裁或民主自由。
由此我们可以看清悲剧的实质,一个品德高尚、信念崇高的英雄人物与自己所处的时代格格不入。他是孤独的,他的所作所为不可能被人理解。他的毁灭是必然的。除非他迎合一般人的口味,适应人类本性中那凡俗的一面,他才可能成为振臂一呼,应者云集的领袖。但那种人物历史上已经很多了,他们作为胜利者(成败是论英雄的标准)被堂而皇之地编入正史或者历史剧中。但莎士比亚是在写戏,是在作诗,这里的标准是诗的正义。
PORTIA
Nor for yours neither.
You've ungently,Brutus,
Stole from my bed: and yesternight,at supper,
You suddenly arose,and walk'd about,
Musing and sighing,with your arms across,
And when I ask'd you what the matter was,
You stared upon me with ungentle looks;
I urged you further; then you scratch'd your head,
And too impatiently stamp'd with your foot;
Yet I insisted,yet you answer'd not,
But,with an angry wafture of your hand,
Gave sign for me to leave you: so I did;
Fearing to strengthen that impatience
Which seem'd too much enkindled,and withal
Hoping it was but an effect of humour,
Which sometime hath his hour with every man.
It will not let you eat,nor talk,nor sleep,
And could it work so much upon your shape
As it hath much prevail'd on your condition,
I should not know you,Brutus.
Dear my lord,
Make me acquainted with your cause of grief.
鲍西娅
那对于您的身体也是同样不适宜的。您也太狠心了,勃鲁托斯,偷偷地从我的床上溜了出来。昨天晚上吃饭的时候,您也是突然立起身来,在屋子里跑来跑去,交叉着两臂,边想心事边叹气;当我问您为了什么事的时候,您用凶狠的眼光瞪着我;我再向您追问,您就搔您的头,非常暴躁地顿您的脚;可是我仍旧问下去,您还是不回答我,只是怒气冲冲地向我挥手,叫我走开。我因为您在盛怒之中,不愿格外触动您的烦恼,所以就遵从您的意思走开了,心里在希望这不过是您一时心境恶劣,人是谁都免不了有心里不痛快的时候的。它不让您吃饭、说话或是睡觉,要是它能够改变您的形体,就像它改变您的脾气一样,那么勃鲁托斯,我就要完全不认识您了。我的亲爱的主,让我知道您的忧虑的原因吧。
PORTIA
Is Brutus sick? and is it physical
To walk unbraced and suck up the humours
Of the dank morning?
What,is Brutus sick,
And will he steal out of his wholesome bed,
To dare the vile contagion of the night
And tempt the rheumy and unpurged air
To add unto his sickness?
No,my Brutus;
You have some sick offence within your mind,
Which,by the right and virtue of my place,
I ought to know of: and,upon my knees,
I charm you,by my once-commended beauty,
By all your vows of love and that great vow
Which did incorporate and make us one,
That you unfold to me,yourself,your half,
Why you are heavy,and what men to-night
Have had to resort to you: for here have been
Some six or seven,who did hide their faces
Even from darkness.
I should not need,if you were gentle Brutus.
Within the bond of marriage,tell me,
Brutus,Is it excepted I should know no secrets
That appertain to you?
Am I yourself But,as it were,in sort or limitation,
To keep with you at meals,comfort your bed,
And talk to you sometimes?
Dwell I but in the suburbs
Of your good pleasure?
If it be no more,
Portia is Brutus' harlot,not his wife.
If this were true,then should I know this secret.
I grant I am a woman; but withal
A woman that Lord Brutus took to wife:
I grant I am a woman; but withal
A woman well-reputed,Cato's daughter.
Think you I am no stronger than my sex,
Being so father'd and so husbanded?
Tell me your counsels,
I will not disclose 'em:
I have made strong proof of my constancy,
Giving myself a voluntary wound Here,in the thigh:
Can I bear that with patience.
And not my husband's secrets?
鲍西娅
勃鲁托斯要是有病,他应该松开了衣带,在多露的清晨步行,呼吸那种潮湿的空气吗?什么!勃鲁托斯害了病,他还要偷偷地从温暖的眠床上溜了出去,向那恶毒的夜气挑战,使他自己病上加病吗?不,我的勃鲁托斯,您害的是心里的病,凭着我的地位和权利,您应该让我知道。我现在向您跪下,凭着我的曾经受人赞美的美貌,凭着您的一切爱情的誓言,以及那使我们两人结为一体的伟大的盟约,我请求您告诉我,您的自身,您的一半,为什么您这样郁郁不乐,今天晚上有什么人来看过您;因为我知道这儿曾经来过六七个人,他们在黑暗之中还是不敢露出他们的脸来。假如您是温柔的勃鲁托斯,我就用不着下跪。在我们夫妇的名分之内,告诉我,勃鲁托斯,难道我是不应该知道您的秘密的吗?我虽然是您自身的一部分,可是那只是有限制的一部分,除了陪着您吃饭,在枕席上安慰安慰您,有时候跟您谈谈话以外,没有别的任务了吗?难道您只要我跟着您的好恶打转吗?假如不过是这样,那么鲍西娅只是勃鲁托斯的娼妓,不是他的妻子了。这句话倘然是真的,那么我就应该知道您的心事。我承认我只是一个女流之辈,可是我却是勃鲁托斯娶为妻子的一个女人;我承认我只是一个女流之辈,可是我却是凯图的女儿,不是一个碌碌无名的女人。您以为我有了这样的父亲和丈夫,还是跟一般女人同样不中用吗?把您的心事告诉我,我一定不向人泄漏。我为了保证对你的坚贞,曾经自愿把我的贞操献给了你;难道我能够忍耐那样的痛苦,却不能保守我丈夫的秘密吗?
CALPURNIA
What mean you,Caesar?
Think you to walk forth?
You shall not stir out of your house to-day.
Caesar,I never stood on ceremonies,
Yet now they fright me.
There is one within,
Besides the things that we have heard and seen,
Recounts most horrid sights seen by the watch.
A lioness hath whelped in the streets;
And graves have yawn'd,and yielded up their dead;
Fierce fiery warriors fought upon the clouds,
In ranks and squadrons and right form of war,
Which drizzled blood upon the Capitol;
The noise of battle hurtled in the air,
Horses did neigh,and dying men did groan,
And ghosts did shriek and squeal about the streets.
O Caesar! these things are beyond all use,
And I do fear them.
When beggars die,there are no comets seen;
The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes.
Alas,my lord,
Your wisdom is consumed in confidence.
Do not go forth to-day: call it my fear
That keeps you in the house,and not your own.
We'll send Mark Antony to the senate-house:
And he shall say you are not well to-day:
Let me,upon my knee,prevail in this.
凯尔弗妮娅
凯撒,您要做什么?您想出去吗?今天可不能让您走出这屋子。凯撒,我从来不讲究什么禁忌,可是现在却有些惴惴不安。里边有一个人,他除了我们所听到看到的一切之外,还讲给我听巡夜的人所看见的许多可怕的异象。一头母狮在街道上生产;坟墓裂开了口,放鬼魂出来;凶猛的骑士在云端里列队交战,他们的血洒到了圣庙的屋上;战斗的声音在空中震响,人们听见马的嘶鸣、濒死者的呻吟,还有在街道上悲号的鬼魂。凯撒啊!这些事情都是从来不曾有过的,我害怕得很哩。乞丐死了的时候,天上不会有彗星出现;君王们的凋殒才会上感天象。唉!我的主,您的智慧被自信汩没了。今天不要出去;就算是我的恐惧把您留在家里的吧,这不能说是您自己胆小。我们可以叫马克·安东尼到元老院去,叫他对他们说您今天身体不大舒服。让我跪在地上,求求您答应了我吧。
MARULLUS
Wherefore rejoice?
What conquest brings he home?
What tributaries follow him to Rome,
To grace in captive bonds his chariot-wheels?
You blocks,you stones,you worse than senseless things!
O you hard hearts,you cruel men of Rome,
Knew you not Pompey?
Many a time and oft
Have you climb'd up to walls and battlements,
To towers and windows,yea,to chimney-tops,
Your infants in your arms,and there have sat
The livelong day,with patient expectation,
To see great Pompey pass the streets of Rome:
And when you saw his chariot but appear,
Have you not made an universal shout,
That Tiber trembled underneath her banks,
To hear the replication of your sounds
Made in her concave shores?
And do you now put on your best attire?
And do you now cull out a holiday?
And do you now strew flowers in his way
That comes in triumph over Pompey's blood?
Be gone! Run to your houses,
Fall upon your knees,
Pray to the gods to intermit the plague
That needs must light on this ingratitude.
马鲁勒斯
为什么要庆祝呢?他带了些什么胜利回来?他的战车后面缚着几个纳贡称臣的俘囚君长?你们这些木头石块,冥顽不灵的东西!冷酷无情的罗马人啊,你们忘记了庞贝吗?好多次你们爬到城墙上、雉堞上,有的登在塔顶,有的倚着楼窗,还有人高踞烟囱的顶上,手里抱着婴孩,整天坐着耐心等候,为了要看一看伟大的庞贝经过罗马的街道;当你们看见他的战车出现的时候,你们不是齐声欢呼,使台伯河里的流水因为听见你们的声音在凹陷的河岸上发出反响而战栗吗?现在你们却穿起了新衣服,放假庆祝,把鲜花散布在踏着庞贝的血迹凯旋的那人的路上吗?快去!奔回你们的屋子里,跪在地上,祈祷神明饶恕你们的忘恩负义吧,否则上天的灾祸一定要降在你们头上了。
CASSIUS
I know that virtue to be in you,Brutus,
As well as I do know your outward favour.
Well,honour is the subject of my story.
I cannot tell what you and other men
Think of this life; but,for my single self,
I had as lief not be as live to be
In awe of such a thing as I myself.
I was born free as Caesar; so were you:
We both have fed as well,and we can both
Endure the winter's cold as well as he:
For once,upon a raw and gusty day,
The troubled Tiber chafing with her shores,
Caesar said to me 'Darest thou,Cassius,now
Leap in with me into this angry flood,
And swim to yonder point?'
Upon the word,
Accoutred as I was,I plunged in
And bade him follow; so indeed he did.
The torrent roar'd,and we did buffet it
With lusty sinews,throwing it aside
And stemming it with hearts of controversy;
But ere we could arrive the point proposed,
Caesar cried 'Help me,Cassius,or I sink!' I,as Aeneas,
Our great ancestor,
Did from the flames of Troy upon his shoulder
The old Anchises bear,
O from the waves of Tiber Did I the tired Caesar.
And this man Is now become a god,and Cassius is
A wretched creature and must bend his body,
If Caesar carelessly but nod on him.
He had a fever when he was in Spain,
And when the fit was on him,I did mark
How he did shake: 'tis true,this god did shake;
His coward lips did from their colour fly,
And that same eye whose bend doth awe the world
Did lose his lustre: I did hear him groan:
Ay,and that tongue of his that bade the Romans
Mark him and write his speeches in their books,
Alas,it cried 'Give me some drink,Titinius,
' As a sick girl.Ye gods,it doth amaze me
A man of such a feeble temper should
So get the start of the majestic world
And bear the palm alone.
凯歇斯
我知道您有那样的内心美德,勃鲁托斯,正像我知道您的外貌一样。好,光荣正是我的谈话的题目。我不知道您和其他的人对于人生抱着怎样的观念;可是拿我个人而论,假如要我为了自己而担惊受怕,那么我还是不要活着的好。我生下来就跟凯撒同样的自由;您也是一样。我们都跟他同样地享受过,同样地能够忍耐冬天的寒冷。记得有一次,在一个狂风暴雨的白昼,台伯河里的怒浪正冲激着它的堤岸,凯撒对我说,“凯歇斯,你现在敢不敢跟我跳下这汹涌的波涛里,泅到对面去?”我一听见他的话,就穿着随身的衣服跳了下去,叫他跟着我;他也跳了下去。那时候滚滚的急流迎面而来,我们用壮健的膂力拼命抵抗,用顽强的心破浪前进;可是我们还没有达到预定的目标,凯撒就叫起来说,“救救我,凯歇斯,我要沉下去了!”正像我们伟大的祖先埃涅阿斯从特洛伊的烈焰之中把年老的安喀西斯肩负而出一样,我把力竭的凯撒负出了台伯河的怒浪。这个人现在变成了一尊天神,凯歇斯却是一个倒霉的家伙,要是凯撒偶然向他点一点头,也必须俯下他的身子。他在西班牙的时候,曾经害过一次热病,我看见那热病在他身上发作,他的浑身都战抖起来;是的,这位天神也会战抖;他的怯懦的嘴唇失去了血色,那使全世界惊悚的眼睛也没有了光彩;我听见他的呻吟;是的,他那使罗马人耸耳而听、使他们把他的话记载在书册上的舌头,唉!却吐出了这样的呼声,“给我一些水喝,泰提涅斯。”就像一个害病的女儿一样。神啊,像这样一个心神软弱的人,却会征服这个伟大的世界,独占着胜利的光荣,真是我再也想不到的事。
CASCA
Are not you moved,when all the sway of earth
Shakes like a thing unfirm?
O Cicero,I have seen tempests,
When the scolding winds
Have rived the knotty oaks,and I have seen
The ambitious ocean swell and rage and foam,
To be exalted with the threatening clouds:
But never till to-night,never till now,
Did I go through a tempest dropping fire.
Either there is a civil strife in heaven,
Or else the world,too saucy with the gods,
Incenses them to send destruction.
CICERO
Why,saw you any thing more wonderful?
CASCA
A common slave—you know him well by sight—
Held up his left hand,which did flame and burn
Like twenty torches join'd,and yet his hand,
Not sensible of fire,remain'd unscorch'd.
Besides—I ha' not since put up my sword—
Against the Capitol I met a lion,
Who glared upon me,and went surly by,
Without annoying me: and there were drawn
Upon a heap a hundred ghastly women,
Transformed with their fear; who swore they saw
Men all in fire walk up and down the streets.
And yesterday the bird of night did sit
Even at noon-day upon the market-place,
Hooting and shrieking.
When these prodigies
Do so conjointly meet,let not men say
'These are their reasons; they are natural;
' For,I believe,they are portentous things
Unto the climate that they point upon.
凯斯卡
您看见一切地上的权力战栗得像一件摇摇欲坠的东西,不觉得有动于心吗?啊,西塞罗!我曾经看见过咆哮的狂风劈碎多节的橡树;我曾经看见过野心的海洋奔腾澎湃,把浪沫喷涌到阴郁的黑云之上;可是我从来没有经历过像今晚这样一场从天上掉下火块来的狂风暴雨。倘不是天上起了纷争,一定因为世人的侮慢激怒了神明,使他们决心把这世界毁灭。
西塞罗
啊,您还看见什么奇怪的事情吗?
凯斯卡
一个卑贱的奴隶举起他的左手,那手上燃烧着二十个火炬合起来似的烈焰,可是他一点不觉得灼痛,他的手上没有一点火烙过的痕迹。在圣殿之前,我又遇见一头狮子,它睨视着我,我生气似的走了过去,它却没有跟我为难;到现在我都没有收起我的剑。一百个面无人色的女人吓得缩成一团,她们发誓说她们看见浑身发着火焰的男子在街道上来来去去。昨天正午的时候,夜枭栖在市场上,发出凄厉的鸣声。这种种怪兆同时出现,谁都不能说,“这些都是不足为奇的自然的现象”;我相信它们都是上天的示意,预兆着将有什么重大的变故到来。
BRUTUS
It must be by his death: and for my part,
I know no personal cause to spurn at him,
But for the general.
He would be crown'd:
How that might change his nature,
There's the question.
T is the bright day that brings forth the adder;
And that craves wary walking.
Crown him?—that;—
And then,I grant,we put a sting in him,
That at his will he may do danger with.
The abuse of greatness is,when it disjoins
Remorse from power: and,to speak truth of Caesar,
I have not known when his affections sway'd
More than his reason.
But 'tis a common proof,
That lowliness is young ambition's ladder,
Whereto the climber-upward turns his face;
But when he once attains the upmost round.
He then unto the ladder turns his back,
Looks in the clouds,scorning the base degrees
By which he did ascend.
So Caesar may.
Then,lest he may,prevent.
And,since the quarrel
Will bear no colour for the thing he is,
Fashion it thus; that what he is,augmented,
Would run to these and these extremities:
And therefore think him as a serpent's egg
Which,hatch'd,would,as his kind,grow mischievous,
And kill him in the shell.
勃鲁托斯
只有叫他死这一个办法;我自己对他并没有私怨,只是为了大众的利益。他将要戴上王冠;那会不会改变他的性格是一个问题;蝮蛇是在光天化日之下出现的,所以步行的人必须刻刻提防。让他戴上王冠?——不!那等于我们把一个毒刺给了他,使他可以随意加害于人。把不忍之心和威权分开,那威权就会被人误用;讲到凯撒这个人,说一句公平话,我还不曾知道他什么时候曾经一味感情用事,不受理智的支配。可是微贱往往是初期野心的阶梯,凭借着它一步步爬上了高处;当他一旦登上了最高的一级之后,他便不再回顾那梯子,他的眼光仰望着云霄,瞧不起他从前所恃为凭借的低下的阶段。凯撒何尝不会这样?所以,为了怕他有这一天,必须早一点防备。既然我们反对他的理由,不是因为他现在有什么可以指责的地方,所以就得这样说:照他现在的地位要是再扩大些权力,一定会引起这样那样的后患;我们应当把他当作一颗蛇蛋,与其让他孵出以后害人,不如趁他还在壳里的时候就把他杀死。
MARC ANTONY
O,pardon me,thou bleeding piece of earth,
That I am meek and gentle with these butchers!
Thou art the ruins of the noblest man
That ever lived in the tide of times.
Woe to the hand that shed this costly blood!
Over thy wounds now do I prophesy,—
Which,like dumb mouths,do ope their ruby lips,
To beg the voice and utterance of my tongue—
A curse shall light upon the limbs of men;
Domestic fury and fierce civil strife
Shall cumber all the parts of Italy;
Blood and destruction shall be so in use
And dreadful objects so familiar
That mothers shall but smile when they behold
Their infants quarter'd with the hands of war;
All pity choked with custom of fell deeds:
And Caesar's spirit,ranging for revenge,
With Ate by his side come hot from hell,
Shall in these confines with a monarch's voice
Cry 'Havoc,' and let slip the dogs of war;
That this foul deed shall smell above the earth
With carrion men,groaning for burial.
安东尼
啊!你这一块流血的泥土,你这有史以来最高贵的英雄的遗体,恕我跟这些屠夫们曲意周旋。愿灾祸降于溅泼这样宝贵的血的凶手!你的一处处伤口,好像许多无言的嘴,张开了它们殷红的嘴唇,要求我的舌头替它们向世人申诉;我现在就在这些伤口上预言:一个诅咒将要降临在人们的肢体上;残暴惨酷的内乱将要使意大利到处陷于混乱;流血和破坏将要成为一时的风尚,恐怖的景象将要每天接触到人们的眼睛,以至于做母亲的人看见她们的婴孩被战争的魔手所肢解,也会毫不在乎地付之一笑;人们因为习惯于残杀,一切怜悯之心将要完全灭绝;凯撒的冤魂借着从地狱的烈火中出来的阿提的协助,将要用一个君王的口气,向罗马的全境发出屠杀的号令,让战争的猛犬四出蹂躏,为了这一个万恶的罪行,大地上将要弥漫着呻吟求葬的臭皮囊。
MARC ANTONY
Friends,Romans,countrymen,lend me your ears;
I come to bury Caesar,not to praise him.
The evil that men do lives after them;
The good is oft interred with their bones;
So let it be with Caesar.
The noble Brutus
Hath told you Caesar was ambitious:
If it were so,it was a grievous fault,
And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it.
Here,under leave of Brutus and the rest—
For Brutus is an honourable man;
So are they all,all honourable men—
Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral.
He was my friend,faithful and just to me:
But Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable man.
He hath brought many captives home to Rome
Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill:
Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?
When that the poor have cried,
Caesar hath wept:
Ambition should be made of sterner stuff:
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable man.
You all did see that on the Lupercal
I thrice presented him a kingly crown,
Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And,sure,he is an honourable man.
I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,
But here I am to speak what I do know.
You all did love him once,not without cause:
What cause withholds you then,to mourn for him?
O judgment! thou art fled to brutish beasts,
And men have lost their reason.Bear with me;
My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar,
And I must pause till it come back to me.
安东尼
各位朋友,各位罗马人,各位同胞,请你们听我说;我是来埋葬凯撒,不是来赞美他。人们做了恶事,死后免不了遭人唾骂,可是他们所做的善事,往往随着他们的尸骨一齐入土;让凯撒也这样吧。尊贵的勃鲁托斯已经对你们说过,凯撒是有野心的;要是真有这样的事,那诚然是一个重大的过失,凯撒也为了它付出惨苦的代价了。现在我得到勃鲁托斯和他的同志们的允许——因为勃鲁托斯是一个正人君子,他们也都是正人君子——到这儿来在凯撒的丧礼中说几句话。他是我的朋友,他对我是那么忠诚公正;然而勃鲁托斯却说他是有野心的,而勃鲁托斯是一个正人君子。他曾经带许多俘虏回到罗马来,他们的赎金都充实了公家的财库;这可以说是野心者的行径吗?穷苦的人哀哭的时候,凯撒曾经为他们流泪;野心者是不应当这样仁慈的。然而勃鲁托斯却说他是有野心的,而勃鲁托斯是一个正人君子。你们大家看见在卢柏克节的那天,我三次献给他一顶王冠,他三次都拒绝了;这难道是野心吗?然而勃鲁托斯却说他是有野心的,而勃鲁托斯的的确确是一个正人君子。我不是要推翻勃鲁托斯所说的话,我所说的只是我自己所知道的事实。你们过去都曾爱过他,那并不是没有理由的;那么什么理由阻止你们现在哀悼他呢?唉,理性啊!你已经遁入了野兽的心中,人们已经失去辨别是非的能力了。原谅我;我的心现在是跟凯撒一起在他的棺木之内,我必须停顿片刻,等它回到我自己的胸腔里。
ANTONY
If you have tears,prepare to shed them now.
You all do know this mantle:
I remember The first time ever Caesar put it on;
'Twas on a summer's evening,in his tent,
That day he overcame the Nervii:
Look,in this place ran Cassius' dagger through:
See what a rent the envious Casca made:
Through this the well-beloved Brutus stabb'd;
And as he pluck'd his cursed steel away,
Mark how the blood of Caesar follow'd it,
As rushing out of doors,to be resolved
If Brutus so unkindly knock'd,or no;
For Brutus,as you know,was Caesar's angel: Judge,
O you gods,how dearly Caesar loved him!
This was the most unkindest cut of all;
For when the noble Caesar saw him stab,
Ingratitude,more strong than traitors' arms,
Quite vanquish'd him: then burst his mighty heart;
And,in his mantle muffling up his face,
Even at the base of Pompey's statua,
Which all the while ran blood,great Caesar fell.
O,what a fall was there,my countrymen!
Then I,and you,and all of us fell down,
Whilst bloody treason flourish'd over us.
O,now you weep; and,I perceive,you feel
The dint of pity: these are gracious drops.
Kind souls,what,weep you when you but behold
Our Caesar's vesture wounded?
Look you here,
Here is himself,marr'd,
As you see,with traitors.
安东尼
要是你们有眼泪,现在准备流出来吧。你们都认识这件外套;我记得凯撒第一次穿上它,是在一个夏天的晚上,在他的营帐里,就在他征服纳维人的那一天。瞧!凯歇斯的刀子是从这地方穿过的;瞧那狠心的凯斯卡割开了一道多深的裂口;他所深爱的勃鲁托斯就从这儿刺了一刀进去,当他拔出他那万恶的武器的时候,瞧凯撒的血是怎样汩汩不断地跟着它出来,好像急于涌到外面来,想要知道究竟是不是勃鲁托斯下这样无情的毒手;因为你们知道,勃鲁托斯是凯撒心目中的天使。神啊,请你们判断判断凯撒是多么爱他!这是最无情的一击,因为当尊贵的凯撒看见他行刺的时候,负心,这一柄比叛徒的武器更锋锐的利剑,就一直刺进了他的心脏,那时候他的伟大的心就碎裂了;他的脸给他的外套蒙着,他的血不停地流着,就在庞贝像座之下,伟大的凯撒倒下了。啊!那是一个多么惊人的陨落,我的同胞们;我、你们,我们大家都随着他一起倒下,残酷的叛逆却在我们头上耀武扬威。啊!现在你们流起眼泪来了,我看见你们已经天良发现;这些是真诚的泪滴。善良的人们,怎么!你们只看见我们凯撒衣服上的伤痕,就哭起来了吗?瞧这儿,这才是他自己,你们看,给叛徒们伤害到这个样子。