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The War lasted four years from 1861to 1865.In material resources，however，the North enjoyed a decided advantage.Twenty-three states with a population of 22million confronted the South’s eleven states with a population of 9million.The industrial superiority of the North even exceeded its advantage in manpower.Unlike the rural South，the northern states had abundant facilities for manufacture of arms and ammunition，clothing，and other supplies.Over two thirds of railroad mileage of the country was in the North，and most of the merchant marines and the navy remained in Union hands.Moreover，the wealth of the North was many times as great as that of the South，and the federal government was better able to borrow money to help pay for the war.

Strong as the North was，the South also had advantages，most of them military.For several months before the attack on Fort Sumter，it had been actively preparing for war and was in possession of many federal forts and arsenals.In addition，the South had the advantage of superior military leadership.About a third of the regular army’s officers were from the South，including the best such as Robert E.Lee³，who was regarded as military genius.The South also had the advantage of fighting on its own soil.

During the first part of the war，the South won some impressive victories on battlefields.As the war grew longer，however，the basic weakness of the Confederacy began to emerge，and they eventually led to its defeat.Two of these weaknesses were the South’s lack of capital with which to finance an extended war and the lack of industry to manufacture necessary weapons and other military supplies.The south had traditionally developed largely on its trade with the North and with Europe for its money and manufactured goods.The war itself cut off the northern trade.This was followed within a few months by the Union’s navel blockade of the southern coasts that gradually cut off almost all the European trade.The most important item in that trade was cotton，and as a result of the blockade the export value of cotton fell from over 200million dollars in 1860to less than 4million dollars in 1862.

During the hard time of the war，in 1862the federal government put the Homestead Act in force.The Act granted many westerners 160acres of land for a nominal fee.In September of the same year Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which liberated some four million black slaves in the seceded states.These two measures brought large number of blacks，white workers and small farmers into the Union army and soon the tide of the war turned in Union’s favor.In July 1863came the turning point of the war at Gettysburg.Here，in a three-day battle the Confederate army under the general Robert E.Lee was defeated by the Federal army.The battlefield was made into a national cemetery，where Lincoln gave a very famous speech，the Gettysburg Address⁴，on November 19，1863.

In April 1865，the war ended with the surrender of the Confederate commander，Robert E.Lee.The Civil War lasted fully four years.Over 600，000people died，and 400，000were wounded.The outcome of the war placed the northern capitalists in solid control of the federal government.It swept away the last obstacle to the development of US capitalism.In 1865，the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted，which freed all slaves throughout the United States.

Five days after Lee’s surrender，on the night of April 14，1865，Lincoln and his wife，Mary，went to Ford’s theater in Washington D.C.to see an English comedy.There a half-crazed actor named John Wilkes Booth stole silently up behind the President，and shot Lincoln in the back of the head.Lincoln was killed.His death may change the course of American history.This massassin killed the South’s chances for Reconstruction under a moderate policy.Soon after the assassination the Radical Republicans took control of the federal government.And then American history came to another period.

1.Eli Whitney（1765-1825）埃利·惠特尼：American inventor and manufacturer，he designed a cotton gin and built a large and improved model in 1793，with which a single slave could maintain a daily output of 50lbs of cleaned cotton.Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized the course of southern agriculture and territorial expansion.

2.Harriet Beecher Stowe（1811-1896）哈利特·比彻·斯托：American novelist.She wrote several novels，but the one she is remembered for is the anti-slavery novel，Uncle Tom’s Cabin（1852）.During its first years after publication，more than 300，000copies were sold.The novel produced a powerful antislavery influence in the years before the Civil War.

3.Robert E.Lee（1807-1870）罗伯特·E·李：Commander-in-chief of the Confederate army during the Civil War.He was born in Virginia.In 1860he was offered the command of the northern army，but refused.He surrendered to Grant，commander-in-chief of the Union army at Appomattox Court House，Virginia，on April 9，1865.After the Civil War he accepted the presidency of Washington College.

4.Gettysburg Address葛底斯堡演讲：A speech by Lincoln on Nov.19，1863after the northern victory at Gettysburg.The speech was considered unimportant at the time，but has come to be viewed by the Americans as one of the most significant expressions of American democracy.In his speech Lincoln stated that the aim of the Civil War was to make possible“a new birth of freedom...that government of the people，by the people，for the people，shall not perish from the earth.”

Ⅰ.Choose the correct answer.

1.The Monroe Doctrine had the following features or ideas except________.

A.non-colonization B.America for Americans

C.non-intervention D.Latin America for Europeans

2.The US continental expansion was almost complete by________.

A.1840 B.1845 C.1846 D.1848

3.Cotton became the most profitable crop in the South mainlybecause of the________.

A.use of irrigation on plantation

B.Whitney’s cotton gin

D.improved agricultural techniques

4.In 1854，the Republican Party was founded bysome________.

A.slaveholders　　　B.abolitionists

C.democrats　　　　 D.proslavery persons

5.In his inaugural address in 1861，Lincoln showed clearlythat he________.

A.would abolish slavery in the South

B.would not abolish slavery immediately but to preserve the Union

C.would wage a war against slavery

D.had no idea to abolish slavery in the South

6.Which of the following statements about the Emancipation Proclamation is not accurate？

A.It immediately freed all slaves living in the United States.

B.It freed slaves only in the Confederacy.

C.It brought many blacks to serve in the Union Army.

D.It gave the North a high moral reason for continuing the war.

7.The most important advantage the North had over the South in the Civil War was its________.

A.manpower　　　　　　B.superior military leadership

C.European allies　　 D.industrial superiority

8.An advantage the South had over the North was its________.

A.great mineral resources　　　B.great number of railroads

C.manpower　　　　　　　　　　 D.superior military leadership

1.The essence of the Monroe Doctrine was“________”which later became the ________of the US foreign policy.

2.The US expansion to the west may be treated in three stages：

　a.___________________；

　b.___________________；

　c.___________________.

3.The great majority of dwellers in Louisiana Territory were the descendants of the________pioneers.They settled mainly in the two cities：and.

4.Oregon Territory was settled between Britain and the United States in________.Its boundaryon the north was fixed at the________parallel of north latitude.

5.Under Missouri Compromise，Missouri was admitted as a________state，but the balance of political power maintained byadmission of________as a state________.In addition，slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territorynorth of the line________parallel.

6.In 1862，the federal government took two revolutionary measures：（1）________and（2）________.

7.In July 1863came the turning point of the war at________.Here the Confederate army under the general________was defeated.The battlefield was made a national________，where lincoln gave his famous speech，the________，on November 19，1863.

8.In________，the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted，which abolished ________throughout the United States.