全屏显示专题章节

In 1969，when Alice Echols went to college，everybody she knew was reading“Soul on Ice，”Eldridge Cleaver's new collection of essays.For Echols，who now teaches a course on the'60s at the University of Southern California，that psychedelic time was filled with“The Autobiography of Malcolm X，”“The Golden Notebook，”the poetry of Sylvia Plath and the erotic diaries of Ana6s Nin.

Forty years later，on today's college campuses，you're more likely to hear a werewolf howl than Allen Ginsberg，and Nin's transgressive sexuality has been replaced by the fervent chastity of Bella Swan，the teenage heroine of Stephenie Meyer's modern gothic“Twilight”series.It's as though somebody stole Abbie Hoffman's book—and a whole generation of radical lit along with it.

Last year Meyer sold more books than any other author—22 million—and those copies weren't all bought by middle-schoolers.According to the Chronicle of Higher Education，the best-selling titles on college campuses are mostly about hunky vampires or Barack Obama.Recently，Meyer and the president held six of the 10 top spots.In January，the most subversive book on the college bestseller list was“Our Dumb World，”a collection of gags from the Onion.The top title that month was“The Tales of Beedle the Bard”by J.K.Rowling.College kids' favorite nonfiction book was Malcolm Gladwell's“Outliers，”about what makes successful individuals.And the only title that stakes a claim as a real novel for adults was Khaled Hosseini's“A Thousand Splendid Suns，”the choice of a million splendid book clubs.

Here we have a generation of young adults away from home for the first time，free to enjoy the most experimental period of their lives，yet they're choosing books like 13-year-old girls—or their parents.The only specter haunting the groves of American academe seems to be suburban contentment.

Where are the Germaine Greers，the Jerry Rubins，the Hunter Thompsons，the Richard Brautigans—those challenging，annoying，offensive，sometimes silly，always polemic authors whom young people used to adore to their parents'dismay?Hoffman's manual of disruption and discontent—“Steal This Book”—sold more than a quarter of a million copies when it appeared in 1971 and then jumped onto the paperback bestseller list.Even in the conservative 1950s，when Hemingway's plane went down in Uganda，students wore black armbands till news Come that the bad-boy novelist had survived.Could any author of fiction that has not inspired a set of Happy Meal toys elicit such collegiate mourning today?Could a radical book that speaks to young people ever rise up again if—to rip-off LSD aficionado Timothy Leary—they've turned on the computer，tuned in the iPod and dropped out of serious literature?

Nicholas DiSabatino，a senior English major at Kent State，is co-editor of the university's literary magazine，Luna Negra.As a campus tour guide，he used to point out where the National Guard shot students during the May 1970 riot.But the only activism he can recall lately involved anti-abortion protesters and some old men passing out Gideon Bibles.“People think we're really liberal，”he says，“but we're really very moderate.”Submissions to the lit mag so far this year are mostly poetry and some memoirs about parents.“The one book that I know everyone has read，”he says，“‘I Hope They Serve Beer in Hell.’”So，no uprising unless the bars close early.

Perhaps this shouldn't surprise us.A new survey of the attitudes of American college students published by the University of California at Los Angeles found that two-thirds of freshmen identify themselves as“middle of the road”or“conservative.”Such people aren't likely to stay up late at night arguing about Mary Daly's“Gyn/Ecology”or even Robert Pirsig's“Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance.”

Professor Eric Williamson—a card-carrying liberal in full tweed glory—argues that“the entire culture has beCome narcotized.”An English teacher at the University of Texas-Pan American，he places the blame for students'dim reading squarely on the unfettered expansion of capitalism.“I have stood before classes，”he tells me，“and seen the students snicker when I said that Melville died poor because he couldn't sell books.‘Then why are we reading him if he wasn't popular?’”Today's graduate students were born when Ronald Reagan was elected，and their literary values，he claims，reflect our market economy.“There is nary a student in the classroom—and this goes for English majors，too—who wouldn't pronounce Stephen King a better author than Donald Barthelme or William Vollmann.The students do not have any shame about reading inferior texts.”

Roger Kimball，editor and publisher of the New Criterion，marches in the other direction—he has no complaints about the market economy—but he arrives at the same dismal appraisal of the academic culture.Universities and colleges“enforce an intellectually stultifying，politically correct atmosphere that pretends to diversity，”he complains.“One of the results of this is a notable uptick in superficiality and a notable uptick in the anesthetizing of that native curiosity that was once a prominent feature of the adolescent mind.”

I want to start humming that classic middle-age rant from“Bye Bye Birdie”:“Why can't they be like we were，/Perfect in every way?/ What's the matter with kids today?”

But maybe young people's reading choices reflect our desire to keep them young.David Farber，editor of“The Sixties:From Memory to History，”says that the way Americans think about the age of maturity has shifted considerably.“There's much more an emphasis now on kids thinking of themselves as kids，even into their early to mid-20s，”he says.“But in the'60s，they thought of themselves as agents of historical change.The sit-ins，the civil rights movement，the possibility of being drafted focused the mind.The contagion of protest made everyone think of themselves as possible demonstrators.”

That spirit is still alive and well，even if it's not reflected in kids'favorite book titles，according to Mike Connery，who writes about progressive youth politics for the Web site Future Majority.He doesn't see a generation of vampire-loving boneheads.“Young people today express their politics in very different ways than they did in the'60s，'70s and'80s，”he says.Yes，they love Meyer's“Twilight”series—even his fiancee is“obsessed”with it—but that's just for escape.“People don't necessarily read their politics nowadays.They get it through YouTube and blogs and social networks.I don't know that there is a fiction writer out there right now who speaks to this generation's political ambitions.We're still waiting for our Kerouac.”

But is anyone really waiting?As young people shift toward the Internet and away from exploring their political activism in books，the blood drains from their shelves.For the Twitter generation，the new slogan seems to be“Don't trust anyone over 140 characters.”What you see at the next revolution is far more likely to be a well-designed Web site than a radical novel or a poem.Not to be a drag，but that's so uncool.For those of us who care about literature and think it still has a lot to offer，it's time to start chanting，“Hell，no!We won't go!”

1.“It's as though somebody stole Abbie Hoffman's book—and a whole generation of radical lit along with it.”Discuss the meaning of this sentence.

2.“The only specter haunting the groves of American academe seems to be suburban contentment.”Discuss the meaning of this sentence.

3.What is meant by“We're waiting for our Kerouac”?

4.According to the article，what is American campus culture like today?Why is that?

5.How different is American campus culture today from the culture in the 1960s?

Hint:Allen Ginsberg's epic poem Howl(1956)，a denunciation of the failings of American society，beCome the most famous poem of the Beat movement.

Transgressive sexuality:Sexual behaviors or descriptions that are considered violating moral laws or usual practices.

“As though somebody stole Abbie Hoffman's book”:注意此句的调侃语气，因为此处Abbie Hoffman的书就是其最有名的Steal This Book。

“The most subversive book”:注意此句中“subversive”一词的调侃语气。

Nonfiction:非小说类文学作品　It is an account or representation of a subject which is presented as fact.This presentation may be accurate or not；that is，it can give either a true or a false account of the subject in question.However，it is generally assumed that the authors of such accounts believe them to be truthful at the time of their composition.Note that reporting the beliefs of others in a nonfiction format is not necessarily an endorsement of the ultimate veracity of those beliefs，it is simply saying that it is true that people believe that(for such topics as mythology and religion).Nonfiction can also be written about fiction，giving information about these other works.

The Germaine Greers:注意此句中出现的这种结构，包括the Jerry Rubins，the Hunter Thompsons，the Richard Brautigans，看看他们是指一家人还是一类人?

Adore those authors to their parents'dismay:指年轻人非常喜欢这些作家，这让他们的家长很是失望不安。

Eldridge Cleaver:Eldridge Cleaver rose to prominence in the late 1960s as aleadingAfricanAmericanintellectualandpolitical revolutionary.As minister of information for the Black Panther Party during tumultuous years of social upheaval，Cleaver beCome a symbol of rebellion，freedom，and eloquence for those seeking political and social change.His 1968 best-selling book of essays Soul on Ice served as a kind of guidebook for radicals in the New Left，student，and civil rights movements of the day.Cleaver has been involved with the U.S.legal system as a convict，social critic，political activist，political candidate，fugitive，and business owner.

Card-carrying liberal:A liberal who believes strongly in and try to carry out the ideas of liberalism.Card-carrying是指典型的、标准的。

The Chronicle of Higher Education:It is a newspaper that represents a source of news，information，and jobs for college and university faculty and administration.The Chronicle of Higher Education is the major news service in the United States academic world.

The Onion:The Onion is an American“fake news”organization.It features satirical articles reporting on international，national，and local news as well as an entertainment newspaper and website known as The A.V.Club.It claims a national print circulation of 690，000 and says 61 percent of its website readers are between 18 and 44 years old.

Malcolm Gladwell:(Born September 3，1963.)He is a British-born Canadian journalist，author，and pop sociologist，based in New York City.He has been a staff writer for The New Yorker since 1996.He is best known as the author of the books The Tipping Point(2000)，Blink(2005)，and Outliers(2008).His latest work，Outliers，examines how a person's environment affects his or her possibility and opportunity for success.Gladwell has stated，“The hope with Tipping Point was it would help the reader understand that real change was possible.With Blink，I wanted to get people to take the enormous power of their intuition seriously.My wish with Outliers is that it makes us understand how much of a group project success is.When outliers beCome outliers it is not just because of their own efforts.It's because of the contributions of lots of different people and lots of different circumstances.”

Khaled Hosseini:(Born March 4，1965.)He is an American novelist and physician originally from Afghanistan.He is now a citizen of the United States.His 2003 debut novel，The Kite Runner，was an international bestseller，selling in more than 10million copies worldwide.His second novel，A Thousand Splendid Suns，was released on May 22，2007.In 2008，it was the bestselling novel in the UK(as of April 11，2008)，with more than 700，000 copies sold.It focuses on the tumultuous lives of two Afghan women and how their lives cross each other，spanning from the 1960s to present day.

Sylvia Plath:(1932-1963)U.S.poet.Thedaughterofan entomologist，Plath was driven to excel as a writer from an early age and published her first poem at age eight.At Smith College she made an early suicide attempt and submitted to electroshock treatment.While attending Cambridge University on a Fulbright grant，she married the poet Ted Hughes.After their separation，she committed suicide at age 30.Though she was not widely recognized in her lifetime，her reputation grew rapidly afterward；by the 1970s she was considered a major contemporary poet.Her works，often confessional and preoccupied with alienation，death，and self-destruction，include the volumes The Colossus(1960)，Ariel(1965)，and The Collected Poems(1981，Pulitzer Prize)and a semiautobiographical novel，The Bell Jar(1963).

Ana6s Nin:(1903-1977)She was a Cuban-French author who beCome famous for her published journals，which span more than 60 years，beginning when she was 11 years old and ending shortly before her death.Nin is also famous for her erotica.

Stephenie Meyer:Stephenie Meyer is the author of the popular Twilight series of books for teens.The stories feature Bella，a high school girl in rural Washington State who falls into a dangerous romance with Edward Cullen，a“devastatingly handsome”and immortal teen vampire.Twilight is a series of four vampire-based fantasy/romance novels by the American author Stephenie Meyer.It follows the life of Isabella Bella Swan，a teenager who moves to Forks，Washington，and finds her life radically changed when she falls in love with a vampire named Edward Cullen.The Twilight series is popular among young adults，having sold over 42 million copies worldwide with translations into 37 different languages around the globe.The four Twilight books were the biggest selling novels of 2008 on the USA Today Best-Selling Books list.斯蒂芬妮·梅尔出生于美国康涅狄格州，毕业于杨伯翰大学，主修英国文学。她本是一位有3个孩子的全职主妇，而且没有丝毫的写作经验。2003年的一天夜里，她做了一个改变她命运的梦:一位少女和一个英俊迷人的男子坐在阳光明媚的草地上谈情说爱。那个男子是个吸血鬼，但他们已坠入爱河，他正向自己的恋人倾诉要压抑住猎杀她的欲望，告诉她这对他而言有多么的困难。这个梦最终成了她的第一部畅销小说《暮色》中的一个章节。在《暮色》之后，梅尔又写了《新月》(New Moon)、《月食》(Eclipse)、《破晓》(Breaking Dawn)，被称为“暮光之城”系列。该系列以伊莎贝拉·斯旺和爱德华·卡伦人鬼情未了的故事为主线，融合了吸血鬼传说、狼人故事、校园生活、恐怖悬念、冒险喜剧等各种吸引眼球的元素。作者最钟爱的是浪漫的爱情元素，在她看来，爱情是“最强烈的情绪”。作者将主人公青春期的情感困惑与扑朔迷离的感情纠葛刻画得非常细腻；其中丝丝入扣的描述和扣人心弦的措辞激起了读者的高昂兴趣，亦真亦幻的精彩绝伦的故事情节唤起了读者近乎强制性的阅读冲动。

National Guard:Military reserve units organized by the U.S.Army and Air Force.Every state and territory of the U.S.has a National Guard，which can be called on by state governors during emergencies such as riots and natural disasters.Guard units may also be ordered into active duty for up to two years by the U.S.president in the event of a national emergency.Enlistment in the National Guard is voluntary.

Mary Daly:(1928-)Mary Daly is a radical feminist philosopher and theologian.She taught at Boston College，a Jesuit-run institution，for 33 years.Daly agreed to be retired from Boston College in 1999，after violating university policy by refusing to allow male students in her Women's Studies classroom；she did，however，agree to teach them separately.Mary Daly's Gyn/Ecology:The Meta-ethics of Radical Feminism(1978)argues that men throughout history have sought to oppress women.In this book she moves beyond her previous thoughts on the history of patriarchy to the focus on the actual practices that，in her view，perpetuate patriarchy，which she calls a religion.In Gyn/Ecology Daly claims that the number of people killed as witches during the Witch Hunt in early modern Europe added up to nine million people，mostly women.This high figure，which has since been called into question，caused her to coin the term“Gynocide”and to draw Comparisons with the Holocaust.The most common estimates today range from 200，000 to 500，000 people killed，which would still qualify as“genocide”by most common usages of the word.

Robert Maynard Pirsig:(1928-)Rokert Maynard Prisig is an American writer and philosopher，mainly known as the author of the book Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance:An Inquiry into Values(1974)，which has sold over four million copies around the world.The book was Pirsig's account of a cross-country motorcycle trip with his 11-year-old son Chris，with Pirsig using the trip as a springboard for meditations on religion，philosophy and the meaning of life.(Pirsig previously had undergone electroshock therapy，and in the book he refers to his former self as“Phaedrus，”after the character created by Plato.) According to Pirsig，121 publishers turned down Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance before it was published by Morrow in 1974；the book beCome a surprise hit and a perennial favorite in high school and college English classes across America.

Stephen King:Since the early 1970s，Stephen King has been America's most famous horror writer.His books are a mainstay of paperback bookracks everywhere，and have spawned a multi-media franchise that includes movies，TV shows，video games and comic books.King is famously fecund，turning out a novel a year and sometimes more.His string of bestsellers began with Carrie(1974)，and his early horror novels include Salem's Lot(1975)，The Shining(1977)and The Dead Zone(1979)，all of which have been adapted for film or television.Since conquering the horror market，King has written novels in other genres and experimented with various publishing methods，including issuing installments of The Green Mile(1996)and beginning the Internet-firstpublicationofThePlantin2000(commercially unsuccessful，installments were suspended after five months).King's other books include:The Stand(1978)；Firestarter(1980)；Cujo(1981)；Pet Sematary(1983)；Insomnia(1984)；Misery(1987)； Delores Claiborne(1992)；Bag of Bones(1998)；and Cell(2006).

Donald Barthelme:(1931-1989)U.S.surrealist writer.Barthelme worked as a journalist，journal editor，and museum director before his fiction began to be published.He is known for modernist collages marked by technical experimentation and melancholy gaiety.His story collections include Come Back，Dr.Caligari(1964)，City Life(1970)，Sixty Stories(1981)，and Overnight to Many Distant Cities(1983)；his novels include Snow White(1967)，The Dead Father(1975)，Paradise(1986)，and The King(1990).His brother Frederick(b.1943)is also a novelist(Second Marriage，1984)and short-story writer(Moon Deluxe，1983).

William Vollmann:(1959-)William Vollmann is an American novelist，journalist，short story writer and essayist.He lives in Sacramento，California，with his wife and daughter.He earned a B.A.，summa cum laude，in comparative literature at Cornell University.Best known for his The Ice-shirt(1990).

Jack Kerouac:(1922-1969)U.S.poet and novelist.Jack Kerouac studied briefly at Columbia University in New York(1940-1941)，where he met Allen Ginsberg and William S.Burroughs.Together they challenged the status quo in the literary world，writing frankly about their personal lives，which were dominated by alcohol and wild times.Kerouac coined the phrase“beat generation”to represent a general feeling among young intellectuals that the American dream had gone sour somewhere along the line.He is most famous for his 1957 novel On the Road，his best-known novel and the first he wrote in the spontaneous style that he advocated，enjoyed huge success among young readers，for whom Kerouac beCome a romantic hero.Alcoholism contributed to his death at age 47.美国小说家。生于马萨诸塞州的洛厄尔城。原籍加拿大。曾在纽约哥伦比亚大学肄业。因对学习感到厌倦，离校求职。第二次世界大战期间曾在美国一艘商船上工作。1943年至1950年在美国和墨西哥各地流浪，他的代表作《在路上》(1957)即根据这一段生活经历写成。他还当过新闻记者、司闸工人和消防队员。他自称在文学上曾有一番抱负，后因批评界不肯严肃对待他的作品而感到愤懑，终于酗酒死去。他的作品主要有18部小说，大多带有自传性质，尤其是其中的12部，称为《杜鲁士传奇》，从作者的童年时代一直写到他逝世前信仰佛教的禅宗和酗酒为止。《在路上》即是其中之一，它主要描写一群美国青年，为了追求自由，发展个性，以流浪、性爱和吸毒等来“充实”他们的生活内容，反映了第二次世界大战以后一部分被称为“垮掉的一代”的美国青年的生活方式和精神状态。由于“垮掉分子”一词最先见于凯鲁亚克的小说，也由于他的小说比较真实地反映了“垮掉的一代”的生活和思想，凯鲁亚克被公认为“垮掉的一代”的代言人。

Malcolm X:U.S.black Muslim leader.He was raised in Michigan，where the family house was burned by the Ku Klux Klan；his father was later murdered and his mother was institutionalized.He moved to Boston，drifted into petty crime，and was sent to prison for burglary in 1946.He converted to the Black Muslim faith(Nation of Islam)the same year.On his release in 1952，he changed his last name to X to signify his rejection of his“slave name.”Soon after meeting the Nation of Islam's leader，Elijah Muhammad，he beCome the sect's most effective speaker and organizer.He spoke with bitter eloquence against white exploitation of blacks and derided the civil rights movement and integration，calling instead for black separatism，black pride，and the use of violence for self-protection.Differences with Elijah Muhammad prompted Malcolm to leave the Nation of Islam in 1964.A pilgrimage to Mecca led him to acknowledge the possibility of world brotherhood and to convert to orthodox Islam.Rival Black Muslims made threats against his life，and he was shot to death at a rally in a Harlem ballroom.His celebrated autobiography(1965)was written by Alex Haley on the basis of numerous interviews conducted shortly before Malcolm's death.麦尔坎X(Malcolm X)，原名麦尔坎·利特尔(Malcolm Little，1925年5月19日—1965年2月21日)是美国非裔伊斯兰教教士，曾经是伊斯兰国度的发言人，是美国民权运动中的重要人物。伊斯兰国度为美国黑人民权运动的激进路线组织。1964年到麦加朝觐后改奉逊尼派，他抛弃激烈的分离主张，尝试与更多不同的宗教、组织合作，一起为黑人奋斗。1965年在一场演说前被激进的黑人杀手刺杀身亡。

The Golden Notebook:It is a 1962 novel by British Nobel Prizewinning author Doris Lessing.This book，as well as the couple that followed it，enters the realm of what Margaret Drabble in The Oxford Companion to English Literature has called Lessing's“inner space fiction，”her work that explores mental and societal breakdown.The book also contains a powerful anti-war and anti-Stalinist message，an extended analysis of communism and the Communist Party in England from the 1930s to the 1950s，and a famed examination of the budding sexual and women's liberation movements.

Allen Ginsberg:(1926-1997)Allen Ginsberg堪称美国当代诗坛和整个文学运动中的一位“怪杰”。他生于新泽西州的纽华克城，大学期间曾被一度开除，却于1955年在旧金山的一次朗诵会上，以其《嚎叫》获得轰动性成功。作为一首诗和一部文献，《嚎叫》可以同艾略特的《荒原》相提并论，它成为金斯伯格和他的同时代人的里程碑。An outspoken member of the beat generation，Ginsberg is best known for Howl(1956)，a long poem attacking American values in the 1950s.The prose of Jack Kerouac，the insights of Zen Buddhism，and the free verse of Walt Whitman were some of the sources for Ginsberg's quest to glorify everyday experience，embrace the ecstatic moment，and promote spontaneityandfreedomofexpression.HeattendedColumbia University，where he met Jack Kerouac.His epic poem Howl(1956)，a denunciation of the failings of American society，beCome the most famous poem of the Beat movement；in it and later works，largely inspired by Walt Whitman，he celebrated the pleasures of psychotropic drugs，footloose wandering，and homosexuality.Ginsberg's life was one of ceaseless travel，poetry readings，and left-wing political activity，and he was a guru of the American youth counterculture in the 1960s and 1970s.

Gothic:哥特式建筑是指12—16世纪流行于西欧的建筑风格，以尖拱﹑拱顶﹑细长柱等为特点。作为18世纪的一种文学风格的哥特小说是指描述有神秘或恐怖气氛的爱情故事。这些作品着重处理残酷的激情与超自然的恐怖主题，而小说的背景通常建构于荒凉的古堡或者幽深的修道院，主角身陷于无以摆脱的魔性，和施虐者展开一段以死亡为终结的际遇。哥特文学是对人类自身黑色阴暗面的展示，也是对当时社会正统思维模式的一种挑战，是一种恐怖，神秘色彩的混合体。哥特小说中比较典型的角色是吸血鬼。Gothic fiction(sometimes referred to as Gothic horror)is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance.The effect of Gothic fiction depends on a pleasing sort of terror.Melodrama and parody(including self-parody)were other long-standing features of the Gothic initiated by Walpole.The stock characters of Gothic fiction include tyrants，villains，bandits，maniacs，Byronicheroes，persecuted maidens，femmesfatales，madwomen，magicians，vampires，werewolves，monsters，demons，revenants，ghosts，perambulating skeletons，the Wandering Jew and the Devil himself.

Abbie Hoffman:(1936-1989)U.S.political activist and one of the most colorful figures in the 1960s counter-culture and a leading figure in opposing the Vietnam War.A graduate of Brandeis University with a Master's degree in psychology from the University of California at Berkeley，he beCome active in the civil rights movement.In 1968 he organized the Youth International Party(Yippies)，which protested the Vietnam War and the U.S.political and economic system.He gained widespread media attention for his courtroom antics as a defendant in the so-called Chicago Seven Trial(1969)，in which he was convicted of crossing state lines with intent to riot at the Democratic Party's national convention in Chicago in 1968；the conviction was later overturned.After he was arrested on charges of selling cocaine(1973)，he went underground，undergoing plastic surgery and adopting the alias“Barry Freed”to work as an environmentalist in New York state.He resurfaced in 1980 and served a year in prison before resuming his environmental work.His books include Revolution for the Hell of It(1968)，Steal This Book(1971)，and an autobiography，Soon to Be a Major Motion Picture(1980).

Happy Meal:A“Happy Meal”is a meal specially tailored for children，sold at the fast-food chain McDonald's since June 1979.A toy is typically included with the food，both of which are usually contained in a small box or paper bag with the McDonald's logo.

Timothy Leary:(October 22，1920—May 31，1996)Timothy Leary was an American writer，psychologist，futurist，and advocate of psychedelic drug research and one of the first people whose remains have been sent into space.An icon of 1960s counterculture，Leary is most famous as a proponent of the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of LSD.He coined and popularized the catch phrase“Turn on，tune in，drop out.”This counterculture phrase urged people to embrace Cultural changes through the use of psychedelics and by detaching themselves from the existing conventions and hierarchies in society.The phrase was derided by more conservative critics.In his 1983 autobiography Flashbacks，he explained that“Turn on”meant go within to activate your neural and genetic equipment.BeCome sensitive to the many and various levels of consciousness and the specific triggers that engage them.Drugs were one way to accomplish this end.“Tune in”meant interact harmoniously with the world around you-externalize，materialize，express your new internal perspectives.Drop out suggested an elective，selective，graceful process of detaComent from involuntary or unconscious commitments.“Drop Out”meant self-reliance，a discovery of one's singularity，a commitment to mobility，choice，and change.Unhappily his explanations of this sequence of personal development were often misinterpreted to mean“Get stoned and abandon all constructive activity.”

Kent State shooting:Kent State University(also known as Kent，Kent State，or KSU)is one of America's largest university systems，the third largest university in Ohio and the largest residential university in northeast Ohio.Kent State is a traditional，selective，residential public research university and its seven regional campuses serve multicounty regions of Northeast Ohio.The eight campuses offer degree programs from the associate to doctoral degrees.Kent State gained international attention on May 4，1970 when an Ohio Army National Guard unit fired at students during a war protest on campus，killing four and wounding nine.The event caused an immediate closure of the campus as well as many other college campuses around the nation.The Guard had been called into Kent after several protests in and around campus had beCome violent，including the rioting of downtown Kent.The main cause of the protests was the United States'invasion of Cambodia during the Vietnam War.

Gideon Bibles:Gideons International(also known as Gideon's Bible)is an evangelical Christian organization dedicated to distributing copies of the Bible in over 80 languages and more than 175 countries of the world to those who might not otherwise encounter it，most famously in hotel and motel rooms.The organization was founded in 1899 in Boscobel，Wisconsin as an early American parachurch organization dedicated to Christian evangelism.The plaComent of Gideon Bibles in hotel rooms has made the Gideon Bible a frequent subject for comment in popular culture.

“I Hope They Serve Beer in Hell”:A book written by Tucker Max，published in 2006，details anecdotal stories of debauchery and belligerence.It made the New York Times Bestseller list in 2006，2007 and 2008.It sold an estimated 70，000 copies its first year.Composed of short stories narrated by the author，the book is told in a highly embellished style and often focuses on the narrator's humorous excess.The stories normally deal with themes of drinking(often to excess)，insulting people，and embarrassing sexual encounters.

The New Criterion:It is a New York-based monthly literary magazine and journal of artistic and Cultural criticism，edited by Hilton Kramer and Roger Kimball.It has sections for criticism of poetry，theater，art，music，the media，and books.It was founded in 1982 by Kramer and Samuel Lipman；the name is a reference to The Criterion，a British literary magazine edited by T.S.Eliot from 1922 to 1939.The magazine describes itself as a“monthly review of the arts and intellectual life...in the forefront both of championing what is best and most humanely vital in our Cultural inheritance and in exposing what is mendacious，corrosive，and spurious.”It is known for an artistic classicism andpoliticalconservatismthatisrareamongother publications of its type.

Bye Bye Birdie(歌词):“Kids!/I don't know what's wrong with these kids today!/Kids!Who can understand anything they say?/Kids!They are so ridiculous and immature!/I don't see why anybody wants'em!/ Just you wait and see/Kids!/Kids!They are just impossible to control!/(Soon you'll be old enough to be)/Kids!With their awful clothes and their rock an'roll!/(Another teenage delinquent)/Why can't they be like you were，/Perfect in every way?/What's the matter with kids to—/Kids!/What the devil's wrong with these kids today? Kids!/Who could guess that they would turn out that way!/Why can't they be like we were，/Perfect in every way?/What's the matter with kids?/What's the matter with kids?/What's the matter with kids today.”

Clvil rights movement:民权运动a worldwide political movement for equality toy the law occurring approximately between 1950 to 1980.It was accompanied by much civil unrest and popular rebellion.The process was long and tenuous in many countries，and most of these movements did not achieve or fully achieve their objectives.In its later years，the Civil Rights Movement took a sharp turn to the radical left in many cases.20世纪70年代，美国以马丁·路德·金领导的民权运动最为著名。

YouTube:A video sharing website where users can upload，view and share video clips.Three former PayPal employees created YouTube in February 2005.In November 2006，YouTube，LLC was bought by Google Inc.for US$1.65 billion，and is now operated as a subsidiary of Google.YouTube是设立在美国的一个可供网民上传观看及分享视频短片的网站。YouTube作为当前行业内最为成功、实力最为强大、影响力颇广的在线视频服务提供商，YouTube的系统每天要处理上千万个视频片段，为全球成千上万的用户提供高水平的视频上传、分发、展示、浏览服务。

Twitter generation:Twitter is a free social networking and microblogging service that enables its users to send and read other users' updates known as tweets.Tweets are text-based posts of up to 140 characters in length which are displayed on the user's profile page and delivered to other users who have subscribed to them(known as followers).Senders can restrict delivery to those in their circle of friends or，by default，allow anybody to access them.Users can send and receive tweets via the Twitter website，Short Message Service(SMS)or external applications.The service is free to use over the Internet，but using SMS may incur phone service provider fees.Twitter是即时信息的一个变种，它允许用户将自己的最新动态和想法以短信的形式发送给手机和个性化网站群，而不仅仅是发送给个人。2006年，博客技术先驱blogger.com创始人埃文·威廉姆斯(Evan Williams)创建的新兴公司Obvious推出了Twitter服务。最初阶段，这项服务只用于向好友的手机发送文本信息。2006年底，Obvious对服务进行了升级，用户无需输入自己的手机号码，而可以通过即时信息服务和个性化Twitter网站接收和发送信息。Twitter是一个可让你播报短消息给你的朋友或“followers(跟随者)”的一个在线服务，它也同样可允许你指定哪个你想跟随的Twitter用户，这样你可以在一个页面上就能读取他们发布的信息。所有的Twitter消息都被限制在140个字符之内，因此每一条消息都可以作为一条SMS短消息发送。详情访问http://twitter.com/。

http://fish.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/14/yet-once-more-politicalcorrectness-on-campus/

Allusions:英文新闻文体中经常可见allusion，类似于汉语的暗引。作者并不明言某处的文句出自某篇、引自何人，但在行文中，一些关键词或意象，若明若暗，闪烁其间，熟悉的读者立即就会联想到与某章节或某作者密切相关的事物。其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。引用的内容包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。英语引用最多的是出自《圣经》的故事以及希腊、罗马神话，《伊索寓言》和那些源远流长的谚语、格言等。如:Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点。(Achilles是希腊神话中的一位勇士。除了脚后跟处，他身上其他地方刀枪不入。)又如:The project is an economic albatross from the start.这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题。(albatross是英国诗人柯勒律治的《古舟子咏》中的信天翁，它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后，全船陷入灾难中。)

本文中有两处出现这种暗引:一处是说“40年后的今天，你在大学校园就是听到狼人嚎叫也不会听到诗人艾伦·金斯伯格的嚎叫”。(Forty years later，on today's college campuses，you're more likely to hear a werewolf howl than Allen Ginsberg.)我们知道，20世纪60年代反叛诗人的里程碑之作就是《嚎叫》。另一处是“It's as though somebody stole Abbie Hoffman's book”，这里指20世纪60年代反主流文化斗士的杰作Steal This Book，这里显然是暗引此作，并调侃之。表示今日大学校园没人去看这类反叛的书了。

1.On today's college campuses，radical literature is not popular.

2.Stephenie Meyer is a very popular bookseller.

3.Steal This Book is a book of disruption and discontent by Abbie Hoffman in 1971.

4.Hemingway，as the bad-boy novelist，was killed in a plane crash in Africa.

5.“Such collegiate mourning”refers to the sadness expressed by students over death of their beloved authors.

1.Writers like Germaine Greer and Jerry Rubin are________.

A.polemical

B.moderate

C.conservative

D.politically correct

2.StephenieMeyer'sTwilight seriesmostprobablyinvolve________.

A.Barack Obama

B.vampires

C.political activism

D.sex

3.The statement“So，no uprising unless the bars close early”probably means that people，especially young ones________.

A.expect bars to close late

B.hope that no uprising would occur while drinking in a bar

C.don't want to care more so long as their immediate needs are met

D.know for sure that there will be uprisings when bars close early

4.Regarding today's American campus culture________.

A.Eric Williamson blames market economy for students'dim reading

B.Roger Kimball points out the stultifying atmosphere

C.Mike Connery thinks that young people express their politics differently than their counter parts in the 1960s

D.all of the above

5.According to Eric Williamson，his students think________.

A.Stephen King is a better writer than Donald Barthelme

B.Donald Barthelme is a better writer than William Vollmann

C.William Vollmann is a better writer than Stephen King

D.Eric Williamson is a better author than Donald Barthelme