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Both immigrants and host country often feel ambivalent about the way they live together.Immigrants want to feel at home—but they also want，to varying degrees，to keep their original values and culture.Host countries want immigrants to integrate—but some also harbour a sneaking hope that the newComers will eventually go home.Pull up too many Cultural roots，lose the ancestral language，and that beComes hard.Such ambivalence is greater in Europe than in the United States.Not only does America have an unusually clear idea of what it stands for as a country；it has had enough experience of accommodating different cultures to have created a template for Cultural co-existence.Europe lacks both advantages.Europeans often mistrust national pride and lack moral self-confidence；they are also new to the business of living in a multiCultural society，and are not helped by the sheer size of the Muslim population in some of their countries.

As long as migrants think they will eventually go home，integration is bound to Come slowly.Germany's Turkish guest-workers and their families believed，right up into the 1980s，that one day they would leave.That caused problems:many first-generation Turks sent their children“home”to school，thus ensuring that the second generation was badly prepared for work in Germany.And the Turkish community made fewer demands on its host country than it might otherwise have done.“Only when Turkish Muslims realised that they would stay in Germany did they begin to build proper mosques and demand religious education for their children，”says Peter Heine，an expert on Islam at the Humboldt University.

In fact，the nature of migration has altered in ways that encourage ambivalence.In the 19th century，the migrant and his family would board a ship for a new land knowing that they might never return home.Now，migration is rarely a single decision，but more often involves a series of steps:a succession of short visits that grow longer；or marriage and the arrival of a child；or a study course that leads to a job that turns out to be permanent.

That should help immigrants to span two cultures.Doing so is easier thanks to modern communications，and works well if immigrants feel welCome and accepted by their hosts.“My concept is of a hyphenated identity，”says CemOzdemir，aformermemberofGermany's Parliament.“I can criticise this country because it's my country—but I'm not a Christian，I was born into a Muslim family，and my mothertongue is Turkish.I want both sides to accept that.”The hyphen Comes more readily to non-observant Muslims like Mr Ozdemir than to young Turks who are captivated by Islam.Germany's Turkish-language press is far more outspoken than anything published in Ankara.

If the second generation cannot define its place in a society that accepts and incorporates Cultural diversity，it may beCome hostile and alienated instead.Immigrants'children，unlike their parents，do not see the new country as the promised land.Moreover，they may well have grown up in poverty.Their parents are disproportionately likely to be in low-wage jobs or，in continental Europe，to be out of work.Migrants are twice as likely as natives to be unemployed in Denmark，three times as likely in Finland and four times in the Netherlands.There is nothing inevitable about such vast gaps:they scarcely exist in America or Australia.

of the host country's language.Yet countries have only gradually woken up to the importance of learning the local language for economic and social integration.In California，Ronald Unz，a wealthy supporter of integration，championed a vote against Spanish-language education.Evidence from Britain shows that fluent English boosts a migrant's earnings by around 17％an hour.In Denmark and Britain，legislation will now compel some immigrants to take compulsory language lessons.In Germany，politicians from the opposition Christian Democrats such as Thomas Strobl go further:they want no more immigration until integration is under way.“The key to integration is the German language，”he argues.“Some families have been living in Germany for 30 years，but the children don't speak a word of German when they start school.”

The young find integration harder when they grow up in segregated communities.Immigrants always converge initially on a handful of cities.William Frey，an expert on social geography at the Milken Institute，talks of“demographic Balkanization，”with two-thirds of the immigrants who arrived in America in 1985-1996 concentrated in ten“gateway”cities from which native whites and blacks move out.The rest of the country，he fears，will look demographically quite different，and be less tolerant of ethnic diversity.

School is where the melting-pot succeeds or fails.There，a disturbing ethnic divide emerges in several countries:some immigrants'children(usually those of the smaller groups)do far better than others.In the United States，concludes a recent study of more than 5，200 secondgeneration children in Miami and San Diego，the children of Chinese，Korean，Vietnamese，Laotian and Cambodian immigrants had gradepoint scores averaging at least twice those of Mexican and Cuban children—even after adjusting for family and school characteristics.In Germany，it is the children of the Turks who cause concern:only 8％of Turkish children pass the Abitur，the tough German high-school-leaving exam，compared with 12％of the children of all foreigners and 30％of Germans.In Britain，the children of East African Asians thrive at school；Bangladeshi kids struggle.

Why these differences?Much of the answer is parental background.Britain's East African Asians were mainly urban professional Gujarati Hindus and Punjabi Sikhs.Most of them were English-speaking.All this seems to benefit their children educationally.

By contrast，an immigrant child such as Mr Ozdemir had some of the same handicaps as America's young Mexicans or France's Maghrebis.He had to repeat first grade because his German let him down，and his Turkish-speaking parents could not help.“The hardest kind of immigration you can have，”he says，“is from a rural area to a complex modern society.”It is even tougher when the low wages that make unskilled immigrants so attractive to employers condemn their children to poverty and struggling in inner-city schools.

Not surprisingly，then，the children of the educated and skilled rise more easily through the educational system of their new country than the children of the rural unskilled，and the second group has problems in the job market.The children of the unskilled，unlike their parents，are not keen to work for low pay in jobs that natives shun.After all，they are natives too.And two-thirds of them had hoped for a college degree and a professional job.Instead，a disproportionate number of secondgeneration youngsters are out of work.Add in discrimination by employers and competition from new waves of immigrants，their job prospects are often even bleaker than those of the unskilled children of natives.With aspirations far outstripping their qualifications，many immigrant childrenfeelalienated.“Pettycrimeislinkedto immigration，”admits Claude Bertrand，deputy mayor of Marseilles.“The reason is that the young do not feel part of society—or，when they do，it's at the lowest level.”

Such fears raise the most difficult question of future immigration policy.Easily the biggest economic gains from migration arise from allowing the unskilled to move from poor countries to rich.But easily the biggest challenges of integration，and the highest costs，arise if the unskilled settle down and have children.If society fails to integrate the next generations，those costs may stretch far into the future.

1.Why are immigrants and their next generations more likely to be unemployed than natives in Europe?

2.Why is it more difficult for immigrants to integrate in European countries and Japan than in the US，Canada，Australia and New Zealand?

3.What can be done to promote integration of immigrants?

4.How do you understand the author's warning at the end of the article，namely“if society fails to integrate the next generations，those costs may stretch far into the future”?What are“those costs”?

5.What good and harm does migration do to the source and receiving countries?

Pull up one's roots:Leave home or job to have a new life，move to another place，take up another profession.

A hyphenated identity:An identity that connect and separates one from a country.

The promised land:(Bible)A place believed to promise final satisfaction or realization of hopes.

Demographic balkanization:巴尔干化，分裂成几个敌对小国　Balkanization is a geopolitical term originally used to describe the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or non-cooperative with each other.The term has arisen from the conflicts in the 20th century Balkans.While what is now termed Balkanization has occurred throughout history，the term originally describes the creation of smaller，ethnically diverse states following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire before World War I.The term is also used to describe other forms of disintegration，including，for instance，the subdivision of the Internet into separate enclaves，and the breakdown of cooperative arrangements due to the rise of independent competitive entities engaged in“beggar-thy-neighbor”bidding wars.

East African Asians:People of Asian descent coming from Britain's East African dependencies.

Gujarati Hindus:Adherents of Hinduism(印度教)　who live in Gujarat(古加拉特邦).

Maghrebis:People of Maghreb(马格里布)，an area in northwest Africa，covering Morocco，Algeria and Tunis.

Inner city:The inner city is the central area of a major city or metropolis.In the United States，Canada，United Kingdom and Ireland，the term is often applied to the poorer parts of the city centre and is sometimes used as a euphemism with the connotation of being an area，perhaps a ghetto or slum，where residents are less educated and more impoverished and where there is more crime.Sociologists in these countries sometimes turn this euphemism into a formal designation，applying the term“inner city”to such residential areas rather than to geographically more central commercial districts.However in major cities in Canada(Vancouver，Calgary，Edmonton，Toronto，Ottawa and Montreal)the most affluent residents reside in establized inner city neighbourhoods and less affluent residents reside in suburban areas.

Immigration:Everywhere，international migration has shot up a list of political concerns.Although many more immigrants arrive legally than hidden in trucks or boats，voters fret that governments have lost control of who enters their country.Technology aids migration.The fall in transport costs has made it cheaper to risk a trip，and cheap international telephone calls allow Bulgarians in Spain to tip off their cousins back home that there are fruitpicking jobs available.The United States shares a long border with a developing country；Europe is a bus-ride from the former Soviet block and a boat-ride across the Mediterranean from the world's poorest continent.The rich economies create millions of jobs that the underemployed young in the poor world willingly fill.So demand and supply will constantly conspire to undermine even the most determined restrictions on immigration.

For would-be immigrants，the prize is huge.It may include a life free of danger and an escape from ubiquitous corruption，or the hope of a chance for their children.But mainly it Comes in the form of an immense boost to earnings potential.The rewards to the successful immigrant are often so large that they create a huge temptation to take risks，to bend the rules and to lie.That，inevitably，adds to the hostility felt by many rich-world voters.

This hostility is milder in the four countries—the United States，Canada，Australia and New Zealand—that are built on immigration.On the whole，their people accept that a well-managed flow of eager newComers adds to economic strength and Cultural interest.In Europe and Japan，immigration is new，or feels new，and societies are older and less receptive to change.

Immigration poses two main challenges for the rich world's governments.One is how to manage the inflow of migrants；the other，how to integrate those who are already there.

Many governments have realised that the market for top talent is global and competitive.Led by Canada and Australia，they are redesigning migration policies not just to admit，but actively to attract highly skilled immigrants.Whereas the case for attracting the highly skilled is fast becoming conventional wisdom，a thornier issue is what to do about the unskilled.Because the difference in earnings is greatest in this sector，migration of the unskilled delivers the largest global economic gains.Moreover，wealthy，well-educated，ageing economies create lots of jobs for which their own workers have little appetite.

So immigrants tend to cluster at the upper and lower ends of the skill spectrum.Immigrants either have university degrees or no high-school education.All this means that some immigrants do far better than others.The unskilled are the problem.They account for a growing proportion of America's foreign-born.(The same is probably true of Europe's.)NewComers without high-school education not only drag down the wages of the poorest Americans(some of whom are themselves recent immigrants)；their children are also disproportionately likely to fail at school.These youngsters are there to stay.If these children grow up underprivileged and undereducated，they will create a new underclass that may take many years to emerge from poverty.

Cultural assimilation:Cultural assimilation is when an individual or individuals adopts some or all aspects of a dominant culture(such as its religion，language，norms，values etc.).Cultural assimilation is a process of socialization.It can be a voluntary process，but can also sometimes be the result of involuntary political decisions.

MultiCulturalism:MultiCulturalismorCulturalpluralism，aterm describing the coexistence of many cultures in a locality，without any one culture dominating the region.By making the broadest range of human differences acceptable to the largest number of people，multiCulturalism seeks to overCome racism，sexism，and other forms of discrimination.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/16/ AR2005061601376.html

For well over 100 years，Americans have looked with suspicion on the latest arrivals.Yet somehow they have all found their place.

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E5DA173FF-931A25755C0A9619C8B63

What our Kafkaesque immigration laws mean for theatre?Artists face a ridiculously complex procedure if they want to Come and produce work in the UK.We must change the system or risk losing them.

新闻标题中“时髦词语”的使用。“新”是新闻的生命，同时也是新闻语言的生命。这是由新闻的本质所决定的。新闻报道要放开眼界、与时俱进，将一切新事物、新现象、新思想、新潮流通过各种新闻媒介传播给受众，首先就反映在新闻标题上。表达这些新事物的词就是所谓的“时髦词”，即新词语。英语中存在着大量的时髦词语，这些词语反映了时代发展的轨迹。时髦词语可分为两种类型:一类为旧词给出新义，如bug由“臭虫、机器的毛病”窄化为特指“计算机运行程序差错”，还有copy(复制)、mouse(鼠标)、web(网站)等。注意还有一些新词，如soccer mom，rightsizing源于downsizing，narrowcast源于broadcast等。另一类为完全新词:即临时造词，其中使用连字符号作为构词手段创造新词颇多，如John-Bolton-like。

1.Modern communications makes migration just a single decision nowadays.

2.The second generation of immigrants accommodate themselves to the new country much better than the first generation.

3.It is a universal phenomenon that immigrants are much more likely to be out of work than natives.

4.Children of the unskilled have problems in the job market as they shun low-paid jobs as natives do.

5.When a country is reaping great economic gains from migration，it is at the same time paying high costs and facing big challenges of integration.

1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to the greater ambivalence in Europe than in the U.S.?

A.Europeans often mistrust national pride.

B.Europe lacks experience of accommodating different cultures.

C.Muslims in some European countries do not help.

D.Europeans are less tolerant of the clash of values.

2.Which of the following is true about Germany's Turkish?

A.Young Turks feel they have a hyphenated identity.

B.They have been building mosques in Germany ever since they arrived.

C.They Come to Germany knowing that they might never return home.

D.They sent their children home to receive education.

3.According to the article，which group of children is least likely to

A.Children of the rural unskilled migrants.

B.Children of the educated and skilled migrants.

C.Unskilled children of natives.

D.Children of urban professionals.

4.Which of the following best accounts for the contrasting school performance of immigrants'children?

A.Advantage of some ethnic groups.

B.Discrimination by schools and teachers.

C.Parental background.

D.Economic condition of the family.

5.Which of the following is NOT a factor to hinder integration of immigrants and their next generations?

A.A poor command of the host country's language.

B.Ethnically segregated communities.

C.Discrimination by natives.

D.Competition from new immigrants.