Ⅰ 篇章翻译
Graceful,Beautiful and Perilous
原文
Sports scientists say it is hard to nail down the health risks of competitive gymnastics for children.For starters,there is no reporting system for gymnastics injuries.In the one existing system,run by the National Collegiate Athletic Association,gymnastics usually ranks in the top three sports for injuries,behind football and hockey.But that doesn’t shed light on the private clubs that train most gymnasts.Coaches of elite gymnasts often may be too busy to let scientists in for a close look,says Patrick O’Connor,an exercise scientist at the University of Georgia in Athens.
With fewer than 200 elite gymnasts in the United States,most research is done on lessskilled athletes.These studies back the impression that injuries are common.In a 3-year study of 79 female gymnasts aged 7 to 18,Dennis Caine,a sports-injury epidemiologist at Western Washington University in Bellingham,found that 60 girls suffered a total of 192 sprains,strains,and other injuries.The study also showed that the risk of injury was significantly higher for advanced gymnasts.That makes sense,because as gymnasts get serious,they put in longer hours,work harder,and attempt more difficult routines.
Caine and others have shown that the most commonly injured body parts in boys and girls include the lower back,shoulder,and ankle.Wrist pain is especially prevalent,says John DiFiori,chief of sports medicine and a team physician at the University of California,Los Angeles.In some cases,the distal end of the forearm bones can be damaged,stunting the radius relative to the ulna.“It can be career-ending for some kids,because weight-bearing is too painful,” says Caine.Such nagging injuries can continue to plague gymnasts in college,although he says it’s unclear whether they flare up later in life.
For girls,another concern is delayed growth and sexual maturation.Elite female gymnasts tend to grow more slowly and go through puberty later than other girls.Robert Malina,a retired auxologist in Bay City,Texas,doesn’t think intense training can be blamed; he says a confounding factor is that larger girls who mature earlier tend to drop out from competition.However,Caine points to several case and cohort studies that indicate at least a temporary halt in growth of some top-level gymnasts,likely due to intense training and poor nutrition,he says.When the gymnasts lightened their load,or retired,their growth rate accelerated.
Many of these issues came to a boil during the 1992 Barcelona Olympics,when European newspapers ran stories about the injuries of young female athletes and the extreme training they had undergone.That spurred a research project that many sports scientists call exceptional in its depth and quality.
The Federal Institute for Sport Science in Bonn,Germany,asked Gert-Peter Brüggemann,then director of the Institute for Athletics and Gymnastics at the German Sport University Cologne,to study the effects of high-level performance on gymnasts.His team examined various training regimens,using records from the once top-secret facilities of the former East Germany.Compared with Western gymnasts,the East Germans were put through more frequent repetitions of skill sets and more difficult maneuvers and got less rest.In total,their growing bodies had endured a longer,harder pounding compared with those of West German athletes.
Those loads had severe consequences.After reviewing archived x-rays and reexamining 42 women and 26 men who once had been elite gymnasts,Brüggemann’s group found a much higher injury rate among the East German team than in 23 West Germans who had competed between 1968 and 1985.Mild deformities and abnormalities of the spine were more than twice as common in the East Germans,Brüggemann and colleague Hartmut Krahl,then of the Alfried Krupp Krankenhaus in Essen,reported in 2000 in Belastungen und Risiken im weiblichen Kunstturnen (Load and Risks in Female Gymnastics).
Seeking to prevent such injuries,the group also carried out a 4-year prospective study of 135 young elite gymnasts on German national squads.Working with high-speed video cameras and force-measuring devices in the apparatus and landing mats,they analyzed roughly 100 exercises and measured mechanical loads exerted on the body over time.About half the spinal deformities could be explained by the amount of loading.They also discovered that the severity tended to be worse among those with weaker muscles and connective tissue.Stronger muscles absorb the shock of impacts and bad landings,protecting joints and the spine.
Based on those findings,Brüggemann’s team devised a healthier training regimen in which girls spent less time learning fancy routines,instead logging more hours in the weight room.Far fewer gymnasts suffered pain or injury during the first 3 years of the strengthtraining program,they found,with ankle injuries alone falling more than 50%.One beneficiary of the program is Brüggemann’s daughter Lisa,who competed in the 1999 and 2001 World Championships and will be heading to Athens on the German team.“As long as she’s in this[training] system,I feel comfortable,” Brüggemann says.
A similar approach has helped the U.S.national team,which has suffered fewer knee injuries since putting a greater emphasis on strength training in 2000.“We work on fitness and health rather than just skills,” says team physician Lawrence Nassar of Michigan State University in East Lansing.Fitness and health are the best predictors of who will make the Olympic squad,he says.
Jill McNitt-Gray,who studies biomechanics at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles,is also working to make gymnastics safer.“I got into this because I was a gymnast and a coach,” she says.“I saw too many athletes getting hurt,and I thought there must be a better way.” In her lab,McNitt-Gray takes high-speed video of gymnasts,measures forces and muscle movements,and creates computerized stick models to test the effects of modifying the moves.The gymnasts are outfitted with tiny sensors to track their motions and muscle use.This system can be used to warn trainers if the gymnasts are nearing their limits,McNitt-Gray says: “If they can’t control [the motions],they’re more likely to get injured.”
Also on the agenda is improving the equipment.By filming the vault board and spring floor with a high-speed camera,Sands and his colleagues found that it wobbles underfoot before heaving the gymnast up.“It looks like the gymnast has landed on a waterbed,” he says.That’s part of what makes the equipment risky,because gymnasts must cope with boards that often compress unevenly and unpredictably.Boards have improved over the years but are still not good enough,says Sands.Similarly,the characteristics of the safety mats that gymnasts land on depend on their construction,age,and other factors.Brüggemann and his colleagues have recommended that safety mats be stiffened for better stability during landing.
Most competitive gymnasts cannot avoid an occasional injury,but little is known about the long-term damage to their health.Anecdotal evidence suggests that elite gymnasts risk developing osteoarthritis and chronic musculoskeletal pain.“In most sports,if you compete at a high level you’re going to carry some baggage with you for a long time,” Sands says.The few studies that have tested this hypothesis have yielded conflicting results.
Experts insist that gymnastics can be made safer without diminishing its elegance and power.“It is not as much an art as people like to think.We’ve got plenty of science to do and plenty of well-understood tools to find out what we need to know,” says Sands.“The problem is lack of money,courage,and commitment.” Perhaps the most important message is “not to cross the pain threshold,” says Caine.“The old adage ‘No pain,no gain’ is inappropriate when it comes to kids.”In the pursuit of Olympic gold,however,that message can easily get lost.(1,295 words)
生词
epidemiologist n.流行病学家
radius n.桡骨
ulna n.尺骨
nagging adj.唠叨的;使人不得安宁的;令人烦恼的
plague n.疫病,瘟疫,祸患;v.受疾病困扰
flare v.突然燃烧起来;突然大怒,突然发作
auxologist n.发育学家
auxology n.发育学
confounding adj.混淆的,混杂的
maneuver n.策略、花招;调动,演习;谨慎而熟练的动作(文中指体操动作)
connective tissue n.结缔组织
squad n.体育运动(代表)队
wobble v.摇晃,摆动
osteoarthritis n.骨关节炎
musculoskeletal adj.肌与骨骼的
adage n.谚语;格言
注释
1.case and cohort study:病例队列研究。又称病例参比式研究,是一种队列研究与病例对照研究结合的设计形式。其基本设计方法是队列研究开始时,在队列中按一定比例随机抽样选出一个有代表性的样本作为对照组,观察结束时,队列中出现的所研究疾病的全部病例作为病例组,与上述随机对照组进行比较。
2.prospective study:前瞻性研究。前瞻性研究就是把研究对象选定,研究方式预定好,在这些条件下,去做研究追踪,最后在原订计划的时间内做出评估,把符合原来设计的方法的所有例子都要列入统计(不是只选有效的来统计),全部结果都要呈现出。
3.high-speed video camera:高速摄像机。高速摄像机能够以很高的频率记录一个动态的图像,因为一个动态的图像是需要数个静止的连贯的图片按一定时间速度播放出来的,高速摄像机一般可以以每秒1 000~10 000帧的速度记录,但这导致了每张像素不会太高,甚至不会超过一个家用数码照像机的像素水平。
4.stick model:线性模式。线性模式就是用线或向量组成图像。例如,在研究体操运动的应用中,运动员的四肢被转换成线,这样他的动作就可以以图表的形式被绘制出来,从而便于研究者观察和分析。
5.waterbed:水床。水床是利用水的浮力原理而设计创造的。医学专家认为水床完全符合人体生理曲线,无论如何变换睡姿,都真正实现了床垫与人体的紧密贴合,因而对人的健康很有帮助。waterbed 用在这里表示体操运动员落地不稳,像站在水床上一样摇晃。
翻译解析
1.【原文】These studies back the impression that injuries are common.
【译文】这些研究表明体操运动员经常受伤的看法是有道理的。
【解析】“back”在这里是“支持”的意思,但译文如直接译成“这些研究支持受伤是普遍的这一看法”就显得相当蹩脚,而且因为没有指出受伤的主体是谁而有可能给读者造成理解上的困难。所以,这里把“back”译成了“表明……有道理”,并且联系上下文把信息补全,即指出“体操运动员”是“injuries”的主体。“impression”原意是“印象”,但这里其实就是人们的一种观点或看法,所以译文译成了“看法”。
2.【原文】In a 3-year study of 79 female gymnasts aged 7 to 18,Dennis Caine,a sportsinjury epidemiologist at Western Washington University in Bellingham,found that 60 girls suffered a total of 192 sprains,strains,and other injuries.
【译文】丹尼斯·凯恩是贝灵汉市西华盛顿大学的一位运动损伤流行病学家。经过三年对79位年龄在7~18岁的女体操运动员的研究,凯恩发现其中有60位女孩遭受过192次扭伤、拉伤和其他损伤。
【解析】这个句子传达的信息较多,所以要先把信息梳理清楚,再用恰当的汉语表达出来。此句的主干是“Dennis Caine found that…,”而“a sports-injury epidemiologist at Western Washington University in Bellingham”是“Dennis Caine”的同位语,但鉴于这个同位语传达的信息较多,可以把它的信息独立出来表达。介词词组“in…study”没有直接译成“在……研究中”,而是译成了“经过……研究”。
3.【原文】Such nagging injuries can continue to plague gymnasts in college,although he says it’s unclear whether they flare up later in life.
【译文】这些恼人的损伤可能到大学里还会继续困扰体操运动员,尽管凯恩说还不清楚这些损伤是否会在他们以后的生活中突然发作。
【解析】注意,在这里“can continue to plague gymnasts in college”意思是“可能到大学里还会继续困扰体操运动员”,而不是“可能一直困扰体操运动员到大学为止”;“nagging”原意是“唠叨的、使人不得安宁的”,在这里指运动损伤使运动员烦恼,因而译成“恼人的”;“plague”原意是“使染瘟疫,烦扰(某人)”,这里译成“困扰”。
4.【原文】That spurred a research project that many sports scientists call exceptional in its depth and quality.
【译文】这也促使一项被运动科学家称为在深度和品质上罕见的研究项目的展开。
【解析】“exceptional”原意是“优越的、杰出的;例外的、独特的”,但这里译成了“罕见的”,使整个句子更通顺,更符合汉语的表达习惯。在处理“spur a research project”时,按照汉语的语法结构增译了动词“展开”,译成了“促使一项研究的展开”。
5.【原文】The Federal Institute for Sport Science in Bonn,Germany,asked Gert-Peter Brüggemann,then director of the Institute for Athletics and Gymnastics at the German Sport University Cologne,to study the effects of high-level performance on gymnasts.
【译文】位于德国伯恩的德国联邦体育科学研究所请当时德国科隆体育大学田径与体操研究所主任哥特-彼得·布吕格曼研究体操高难度动作对体操运动员的影响。
【解析】在此句中,“The Federal Institute for Sport Science in Bonn,Germany”和“German Sport University Cologne”分别指机构和大学的名称,都有它们特定的说法,因而要查询相关的资料,才能译出规范的名称;“then”在这里不是副词,而是指“当时(任职)的”,说明现在已经不是了;“high-level performance”没有直译成“高水平的表演”,而是根据语境灵活译成了“体操高难度动作”。
6.【原文】Those loads had severe consequences.
【译文】这些训练负荷量对运动员产生了严重的后果。
【解析】该句与上文内容联系很密切。“Those loads”指的是上一段谈到的运动员的训练负荷量。由于该句是段落的第一句话,所以有必要把信息补充完整后再译出来。为了和下文在语义上更连贯,译文还增译了“运动员”。
7.【原文】Mild deformities and abnormalities of the spine were more than twice as common in the East Germans,Brüggemann and colleague Hartmut Krahl,then of the Alfried Krupp Krankenhaus in Essen,reported in 2000 in Belastungen und Risiken im weiblichen Kunstturnen
【译文】2000年,布吕克曼和当时来自埃森市阿尔弗雷德克虏伯医院的同事哈特穆特·克拉尔发表了一份题为《女子体操运动中的负荷和风险》的报告。依照这份报告,东德体操运动员脊柱的轻度变形和畸形的普遍程度比西德运动员要高一倍多。
【解析】在这个句子中,“Mild deformities and abnormalities of the spine were more than twice as common in the East Germans”是宾语,“Brüggemann and colleague Hartmut Krahl是主语,in 2000 in Belastungen und Risiken im weiblichen Kunstturnen”是状语,所以该句子的语法结构是宾语+主语+状语。原文之所以这样安排句子结构,是为了强调宾语部分的内容。在处理译文时,原来的状语部分变成了宾语,而原来的宾语部分被单独列出来,独立成句,以达到原文强调宾语的目的。“more than twice”没有直接译成“比……的两倍还多”,而是被灵活处理成了“高一倍多”。“common”在原文中是形容词,译文把它名词化,译成了“普遍程度”。
8.【原文】As long as she’s in this [training] system,I feel comfortable.
【译文】只要她在这个训练体系中,我就放心了。
【解析】“comfortable”原意是“舒服的、安逸的”,但在这里绝不能机械地译成“我就感到舒服”。细细体味,作为父亲的布吕格曼谈到女儿接受的是健康和安全的训练模式时,应当是比较安心或放心了,因而译文处理成了“我就放心了”。
9.【原文】Fitness and health are the best predictors of who will make the Olympic squad,he says.
【译文】体质和健康状况是决定谁能够参加奥运会的两个最关键的因素。
【解析】这里的“best”根据语境被译成“最关键的”,而“make”意思是“be successful at”,即能够参加奥运会。
10.【原文】and creates computerized stick models to test the effects of modifying the moves.
【译文】并创造出计算机化的线形模式以测试改进动作的效果。
【解析】“stick”有很多意思,如“粘贴、坚持、棍棒、一根(量词)”等等。通过查询有关资料可知,“stick model”其实是个术语,它指的是用线或向量来组成图像这种研究模式。例如,在研究体操运动的应用中,运动员的四肢被转换成线,这样他的动作就可以以图表的形式被绘制出来,以便研究者观察和分析。所以,这里“stick”的取义是“线”。
11.【原文】Experts insist that gymnastics can be made safer without diminishing its elegance and power.
【译文】专家们坚持认为体操运动在更为安全的状态下同样可以展示力与美。
【解析】译文没有把“without diminishing”直接译出来,而是在充分理解该句意思的前提下,灵活变通,译成了“同样可以展示力和美”。这样的译文更符合汉语的表达习惯。“elegance”原意是“优雅、高雅”,在这里译成“美”,非常简洁,而且能和“力”在结构上相对称。
12.【原文】Perhaps the most important message is “not to cross the pain threshold,” says Caine.In the pursuit of Olympic gold,however,that message can easily get lost.
【译文】凯恩说,也许最重要的教训是“不要超越疼痛的界限”。但在对奥运金牌的追逐中,这一教训很轻易就被忘记了。
【解析】这三句话中的两个“message”所指的内容相同。单词“message”本身有两个意思,即“消息、信息”或“(书籍、演讲等的)要旨、要点、教训”。纵观全文,可以看出这里的“message”即“不要超越疼痛的界限”是该文章所要说明的主旨,也是研究体操运动员运动损伤得出的一个教训,所以这里取第二个意思“教训”。get lost原意是“迷失、迷路”,在这里指的是教训很容易被忘记。
13.【原文】“The old adage ‘No pain,no gain’ is inappropriate when it comes to kids.”
【译文】“对孩子们来讲,‘没有痛苦,就没有增益’的古训是不恰当的。”
【解析】“No pain,no gain”有多种译法,如“没有付出就没有收获”、“不经一事,不长一智”等,但考虑到语境,这里译成了“没有痛苦,就没有增益”。这句话的意思是,其实对练体操的孩子来说,“痛苦”并不一定就有“增益”,因为超负荷的训练反而会伤害他们的身体健康。
参考译文
优雅,美丽,但也有风险
体育科学家表示,竞技体操给孩子们带来的健康风险很难确定。对于初学体操者来说,还没有针对他们运动损伤的报告系统。由美国全国大学生体育协会运行的一个现有系统显示,体操通常是位于前三位的最易造成运动伤害的运动,位列足球和曲棍球之后。但这还没有涵盖训练大多数体操运动员的私人俱乐部里的情况。美国佐治亚大学雅典分校的运动科学家帕特里克·奥康纳说,高水平体操运动员的教练可能经常很忙,不能让科学家密切观察训练的情况。
美国只有不到200名高水平体操运动员,所以大部分研究放在技能还不成熟的运动员身上。这些研究表明体操运动员经常受伤的看法是有道理的。丹尼斯·凯恩是西华盛顿大学(贝灵汉市)的一位运动损伤流行病学家。经过三年对79位年龄在7~18岁的女体操运动员的研究,凯恩发现其中有60位女孩遭受过192次扭伤、拉伤和其他损伤。他的研究还表明越是高水平的体操运动员,受损伤的危险就相对越大。这是有道理的。因为体操运动员一旦认真起来,他们投入的时间会更长、练得会更刻苦、尝试的动作难度也会更高。
凯恩和其他人的研究表明,练体操的男孩和女孩最常见的受伤部位包括腰部、肩部和脚踝。加州大学洛杉矶分校运动医学主任兼队医约翰·迪费奥利说,手腕疼痛特别常见。在有些病例中,前臂骨骼的末端会遭受损伤,从而妨碍与尺骨关联的桡骨的发育。“这对一些孩子来说就意味着体操生涯的结束,因为承重是疼痛不堪的。”凯恩说。这些恼人的损伤可能到大学里还会继续困扰体操运动员,尽管凯恩说还不清楚这些损伤是否会在他们以后的生活中突然发作。
对女孩来说,另一个要关注的问题是发育和性成熟的延缓。杰出的女体操运动员常常较其他女孩发育更为缓慢,青春期也来得更晚。德克萨斯州贝市已退休的发育学家罗伯特·马力纳认为这些不能怪高强度的训练。他认为其中一个重要因素是成熟较早的身材高大的女孩常常退出竞争。然而凯恩指出,有几个病例和群体研究表明有些顶级体操运动员至少会出现暂时性发育停止,而可能的原因则是高强度的训练和营养不良。当体操运动员减少训练量或退役后,他们的发育便会加速。
1992年巴塞罗那奥运会时,欧洲有些报纸登载了年轻的女体操运动员受伤以及她们接受的极限训练的故事,这些让上述很多问题开始受到极大的关注。这也促使一项被运动科学家称为在深度和品质上罕见的研究项目的展开。
位于德国伯恩的德国联邦体育科学研究所请当时德国科隆体育大学田径与体操研究所主任哥特-彼得·布吕格曼研究体操高难度动作对体操运动员的影响。布吕格曼的团队运用一度被视为前东德最高机密的训练记录模式研究了不同训练队的训练情况。与当时西德的体操运动员相比,东德体操运动员的技能动作重复更多、难度更大,得到的休息更少。总体来说,他们正在发育的身体与西德运动员相比经受了更长、更大的冲击。
这些训练负荷量对运动员产生了严重的后果。在复查了存档的X光照片、重新检查了以前的42名高水平女运动员及26名高水平男运动员之后,布吕克曼的团队发现东德体操队的受伤率比在1968~1985年间参加过体操竞技的23名西德运动员要高很多。2000年,布吕克曼和当时来自埃森市阿尔弗雷德克虏伯医院的同事哈特穆特·克拉尔发表了一份题为《女子体操运动中的负荷和风险》的报告。依照这份报告,东德体操运动员脊柱轻度变形和畸形的普遍程度比西德运动员要高一倍多。
为了阻止造成这些损伤,研究小组也对德国国家队135名高水平年轻体操运动员展开了为期四年的前瞻性研究。运用安装在训练器材和落地垫上的高速摄像机以及训受力测量装置,他们对大约100场训练进行了分析,计算了在这些时间内作用于身体的机械负载。大约一半的脊柱畸形可以通过负载量得到解释。他们同时发现那些肌肉和结缔组织弱的运动员受到的损伤更为严重。肌肉强壮可以吸收撞击和落地失误造成的冲击,保护关节和脊柱。
基于这些发现,布吕格曼的团队设计出了一套更为健康的训练方法。依照这种训练方法,女孩们学习花样常规动作的时间减少,而在健身房训练的时间增多。结果发现,在前三年的力量训练项目中,受伤痛困扰的体操运动员大大减少,仅是脚踝受伤一项就减少了50%多。这个项目的受益人之一是布吕克曼的女儿丽萨。丽萨参加了1999和2001年世界体操锦标赛,并且要代表德国队参加雅典奥运会。布吕克曼说,“只要她在这个训练体系中,我就放心了。”
类似的方法也给予了美国国家体操队以帮助。自从2000年开始更加注重力量的训练以来,美国体操队队员膝盖受伤的人数大为减少。“我们不只是重视运动员的技巧,我们也重视他们的体质和健康问题”,密歇根州立大学(东兰辛)队医劳伦斯·纳萨尔说。他认为,体质和健康状况是决定谁能够参加奥运会的两个最关键的因素。
洛杉矶南加州大学从事生物力学研究的吉尔·默克尼特-格雷也在参与让体操运动员更安全的工作。“我参与其中因为我也曾是一名体操运动员和教练。”她说,“我以往看到有太多运动员受伤,我认为一定有好的办法解决这个问题。”在她的实验室,默克尼特-格雷为体操运动员进行高速录像,测量力度和肌肉运动,并创造出计算机化的线形模式以测试改进动作的效果。她给体操运动员装配上微型传感器以追踪他们的动作和肌肉运用情况。这套系统可以用来提醒教练体操运动员是否在接近自己的极限。默克尼特-格雷说:“如果他们无法控制自己的动作,他们就可能受伤。”
同样需要提到日程上的还有器材的改进。通过高速拍摄跳马跳板和弹簧垫地板,桑治和他的同事发现在把运动员弹起来之前,这个器材在脚下摇摇晃晃。“这就好似体操运动员落到了充水床垫上,”他说。而这是使这种器材变得危险的部分原因,因为体操运动员必须对付经常无法压匀、无法预知是否平整的踏板。桑治说,虽然过去几年踏板的质量有所改变,但仍然不够好。同样,体操运动员落地时用的安全垫的性能也取决于它们的构造、使用时间以及其他因素。布吕格曼和他的同事建议安全垫应该硬化,以使它们在运动员落垫时能更稳定。
大多数竞技体操运动员不可避免会有偶尔的损伤,但这些损伤对运动员健康造成的长久伤害我们却了解甚少。实例显示高水平体操运动员有患骨关节炎和慢性肌肉骨骼疼痛的危险。“在多数运动项目中,如果你参加高水平比赛,那你就会长时间背上包袱,”桑治说。目前仅有的几个检验过这一假设的研究得出了相互矛盾的结果。
专家们坚持认为体操运动在更为安全的状态下同样可以展示力与美。“这一运动不是像人们想象的那样仅是一种艺术。我们有很多科技工作要多,也有很多我们熟悉的方法帮助我们了解我们需要了解的东西,”桑治说。“问题是我们缺少资金、勇气和责任意识。”凯恩说,也许最重要的教训是“不要超越疼痛的界限”。“对孩子们来讲,‘没有痛苦,就没有增益’的古训是不恰当的。”但在对奥运金牌的追逐中,这一教训很轻易就被忘记了。