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实用科技英语翻译
1.9.2 Ⅱ 翻译技巧 科技英语中被动句的翻译

Ⅱ 翻译技巧
科技英语中被动句的翻译

汉语和英语都有被动语态,但它们却以不同的形式来表达被动的意义。与汉语相比,英语的被动语态本来就用得更为普遍,在科技英语中更是如此。究其原因,主要是科技英语叙述的对象往往是事务、现象或过程,其注重的是其叙述的客观事实,强调的是所叙述的事物本身,并不需要过多地去注意其行为主体到底是什么。因此,被动语态更加客观,意义更清楚,可以使读者将注意力集中到所叙述的客体上,便于集中精力对事物和现象进行解析和研究。此外,被动句多比主动句简短。科技文章崇尚准确、严谨和精炼,而被动结构在很多情况下正好可以使句子更加紧凑和简短。这都正是科技英语所需要的。所以,被动语态的大量使用是科技英语语法上的一大特征。

1.被动语态的翻译方法

(1)译成主动语态

由于科技英语最突出的句法特点之一就是大量使用被动语态,而在汉语中,表示被动的手段十分有限,被动句的使用远远没有英语广泛。同时,汉语中的被动往往有“受制于人”的感觉,使人感到不舒服、不习惯。所以,翻译中对英语被动句的反译处理是很常见的。

英语的被动句一般有以下几种情况:

1)有些被动句用来表示某种状态或某种动作的结果,动作的实行者不太明确或者很难指出。这类句子实际上并不强调被动的意义。

2)有些被动句意在突出动作者或强调某种行为或动作的结果,而把这些承受者或结果置于主语的位置以示醒目、以便表达。这类句子实际上也并不强调被动的意义。

3)有些被动句具有典型的被动意义,且带有由by引导的行为主体。

4)有些被动句的表达法是出于行文上的需要。

以上各种被动句均可译成汉语的主动句,而不必、甚至不能把自己局限在原形式里以致译文生硬。具体方法可以有以下几种:

A.原文主语仍译作主语

不改变主语及句子结构,直接转换成主动语态。这实际上是省略了“被”字的被动句。因为汉语里表示被动意义的句子可以不用“被”字,而直接采用主动语态的形式。例如:

The switch has been turned on.

开关已开启。

The PH system can be applied to basic solutions too.

PH体系也适用于碱性溶液。

Under certain conditions,heat energy may be changed into mechanical energy,and mechanical energy into heat energy.

在一定条件下,能量可以转换为机械能,机械能可以转变为热能。

We can obtain from radium another gas which was first known as radium emanation but is now called radon.

从镭中我们可以获得另一种气体,它起初叫做镭射气,但现在叫做氡。

Solution to the air pollution from dust particles or gases was ultimately found.

解决防止灰尘或煤气污染大气问题的方法终于找到了。

The temperature at which water freezes is a fixed temperature and is used to graduate the thermometer.

水结冰时的温度是一定的,因而可用来给温度计校刻度。

B.原文其他成分改译主语

将原主语转移为宾语,另外添加适当的主语。

Because it is not heavy for the power it gives,a petrol engine is still used in small aircraft.

就功率来说汽油发动机不算重,因此现在的小型飞机仍然使用它。

Communication satellites are used for international living transmission throughout the world.

全世界都将通讯卫星用于国际间的实况转播。

All the wire would get red-out with such a current,and fire would be caused.

这样的电流会使所有导线炽热,从而引起火灾。

Energy is defined as the ability to do work.

能的定义为做功的能力。

220V was read from the voltmeter.

电压表的读数是220V。

C.英语中有些被动句,尤其是带有主语补足语的被动句,要译成汉语主动句,很难保留原句的主语,句中的其他成分也很难改译为主语,这时候常可通过增加“人们,我们,有人,大家”等这样的泛指代词做主语。例如:

Solar energy will be used on a large scale.

人类将大规模使用太阳能。

Bulb is known to be sometimes filled with inert gas.

大家都知道灯泡有时会充入惰性气体。

Fuzzy control is found an effective way to control the systems without precise mathematic models.

人们发现,模糊控制是一种控制不具备精确数学模型的有效方法。

If one or more electrons are removed,the atom is said to be positively charged.

若原子失去一个或多个电子,我们就说该原子带正电。

(2)译成汉语的无主句

如果原被动句中的主语或其他成分不宜译作汉语主动句中的主语,而加译一个主语又无必要,那么可将句子翻译成汉语的无主句。译时可在原主语前加译“把,将,给,对”等词,从而把原主语译成宾语。也可不加任何介词直接译成宾语。例如:

The test instrument is joined to the circuit with all the switches off so that no current should flow.

将测试仪器连接到电路上,并关断所有开关,使电路没有电流。

The fuel must be tested to determine its suitability before application.

使用前须对燃料进行试验,以确定其适用性。

In transfer function models these equations are transformed and variables are eliminated between them.

在传递函数模型中,变换这些方程,并消去其中间变量。

If a problem of control engineering is to be solved with the help of a fuzzy control the concepts presented here need not be implemented starting from scratch.

如果要借助模糊控制解决控制工程问题,不必从零开始着手实现在此所提出的控制思想。

(3)以it做形式主语的被动句的反译处理

在科技英语文章中,以“it+被动态谓语+主语从句”的句子非常多。翻译时,“it”一律应减去不译,而把被动态谓语动词拆译处理,整个句子常译成汉语的无主语或有主语的主动句。例如:

It is said that numerical control is the operation of machine tools by numbers.

人们说,数控就是机床用数字来操纵。

A few years ago it was thought unbelievable that the computer could have so high speed as well so small volume.

几年前人们还认为,计算机能具有如此高的运行速度,而其体积又是如此之少,真是难以置信。

It should be noted that increasing the length of the wire will increase its resistance.

应当注意,增加导线长度会增加其电阻。

(4) It is stated that thermocrete has virtually the same length as normal concrete.

据说,保温混凝土的强度与普通混凝土相当。

以“it”作形式主语的被动语态句,汉译时有一套习惯的译法。 如:

It is asked that… 有人会问……

It is asserted that… 有人主张……

It must be admitted that… 必须承认……

It is believed that… 人们相信……

It was estimated that… 据估计……

It is felt that… 人们感到……

It is found that… 人们发现……

It is well known that… 众所周知……

It is noticed that… 人们注意到……

It should be noted that… 应当注意……

It is pointed out that… 有人指出……

It is reported that… 据报道……

It is regarded that… 人们认为……

It has been suggested that… 有人认为……

It is stated that… 据说……

It is stressed that… 人们强调……

It will be seen from this that… 由此可见……

It is thought that… 人们认为……

It will be said that… 有人将会说……

(4)保持被动结构

英语的被动由“be+过去分词”构成,而汉语则是依靠一些表示被动含义的词来表示。因此,需要借助一些词来进行英汉的转换。

A.使用“被”、“由”、“受”、“用”等字。例如:

The heated water is thus cooled as it goes through the radiator.

当热水流过散热器时就被冷却了。

The integrated circuit is welcomed by most of users.

集成电路受到广大用户的欢迎。

If the DNA is destroyed,the cell cannot divide,and will die.

如果DNA受破坏,细胞就不能分裂而死亡。

Current will not flow continually,since the credit is broken by the insulating material.

电流不再继续流动,因为电路被绝缘材料隔断了。

This water is heated by the uranium fuel and is pumped to a boiler.

水被铀燃料加热后,由水泵送到锅炉。

B.使用“加以”、“予以”、“为……所”等字。例如:

The finished products must be carefully inspected before delivery.

成品在出厂前必须仔细地予以检查。

This extraction rate was confined in batch tank tests.

这一提取速度已为分批槽内试验所证实。

The hypothesis has been proved up to the hilt by the results of experiments.

这一假说已为实验结果完全证明。

The earth is hit from time to time by streams of electrically charged particles poured out by the sun.

地球不时为太阳所发出的带电粒子所袭击。

C.译成“是……的”或“……的是……”句型。例如:

These experiments were performed after the long days toil was over,at late night or early morning,and when the greater part of mankind were soundly asleep.

这些试验是在一天的劳累之后,在深夜或凌晨,当大部分人正在酣睡时进行的。

Early cars were very strange of which the tyres on the wheels were made of iron or solid rubber.

早期的汽车很独特,它的轮胎是用铁或实心橡胶制成的。

This kind of device is much needed in the speed-regulating system.

这种装置在调速系统中是很需要的。

Secondary voltages are derived from distribution transformers connected to the primary system.

二次电压是通过与主系统相连的配电变压器提供的。

Meteorologists are currently trying to determine what proportion of the continent’s precipitation is produced in this way.

目前气象学家正在努力弄清这个大陆上的降水量中有多少是以这种方式产生的。

(5)谓语分译

上述各种译法都将被动语态的谓语动词包括在原来的句子以内,而谓语分译这种方法则是将被动语态从原句中分出来,译成带主语(泛指人称的)或不带主语的独立成分。例如:

Hydrogen is known to be the lightest element.

人们知道,氢是最轻的元素。

It is just the energy which the atom thus yields up that is held to account for the radiation.

人们认为,这种辐射正是由原子放出来的能量造成的。