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实用科技英语翻译
1.9.1 Ⅰ 篇章翻译 Can We Survive on the Moon?

Ⅰ 篇章翻译
Can We Survive on the Moon?

img14 原文

When Neil Armstrong took “one giant leap for mankind” onto the surface of the moon in 1969,his booted foot sank into a layer of fine gray dust,leaving an imprint that would become the subject of one of the most famous photograph in history.Scientists called the dust lunar regolith.Back then scientists regarded the regolith as simply part of the landscape,little more than the backdrop for the planting of the American flag.

No more.Lunar scientists have learned a lot about the moon since then.They’ve found that one of the biggest challenges to lunar settlement—as vexing as new rocketry or radiation—is how to live with regolith that covers virtually the entire lunar surface from a depth of 7 feet to perhaps 100 feet or more.It includes everything from huge boulders to particles only a few nanometers in diameter,but most of it is a puree created by uncountable high-speed micrometeorites that have been crashing into the moon unimpeded by atmosphere for more than 3 billion years.A handful of regolith consists of bits of stones,minerals,particles of glass created by the heat from the tiny impacts,and accretions of glass,minerals,and stone welded together.

Eons of melting,cooling,and agglomerating have transformed the glass particles in the regolith into a jagged-edged,abrasive powder that clings to anything it touches and packs together so densely that it becomes extremely hard to work on any depth below four inches.

For those who would explore the moon—whether to train for exploring Mars,to mine resources,or to install high-precision observations—regolith is a potentially crippling liability,an all-pervasive,pernicious threat to machinery and human tissue.After just three days of moonwalks,regolith threatened to grind the joints of the Apollo astronauts’ space suits to a halt.Special sample cases built to hold the Apollo moon rocks lost their vacuum seals because of rims corrupted by dust.For a permanent lunar base,such mechanical failures could spell disaster.

Regolith can play havoc with hydraulics,freeze on-off switches,and turn ball bearings into Grape Nuts.When moon dust is disturbed,small particles float about,land,and glue themselves to everything.Regolith does not brush off easily,and breathing it can cause pulmonary fibrosis,the lunar equivalent of black lung.There is nothing like it on Earth.But space planners also see a brighter side to the story.Forty-two percent of regolith is oxygen by weight.Extract that and it will help make breathable air,rocket fuel,and,when mixed with hydrogen,water.Heat up regolith and it will harden into pavement,bricks,ceramic,or even solar panels to provide electricity.Cloak a living area in a thick enough blanket of it and it will enable astronauts to live radiation-free.If regolith is the curse of lunar exploration,it may also prove to be a blessing.

These issues lay dormant for three decades until January 2004,when President Bush announced his “Vision for Space Exploration” and gave NASA a new mandate: Return humans to the moon by 2020 and eventually send them on to Mars.Scientists are now thinking about what is needed to make the vision a reality.While there is debate about the political will to sustain lunar exploration,the technical hurdles are beyond dispute.The next person to step on the moon again will be taking humanity where it has never gone before,because that person will be settling in to stay—and that will be extremely hard to do.

NASA’s current plans call for a series of “precursor” robotic lunar missions to test technologies and gather information.By the time that happens,perhaps around 2018,planners hope to have resolved some key unknowns: whether there are ice deposits at one of the lunar poles,whether a space suit can be made that can survive multiple journeys across the dustridden landscape,and whether the human body can survive dust,lengthy stays in reduced gravity,and prolonged exposure to cosmic radiation.

The first trips will be Apollo-like sorties,brief visits to test techniques and equipment and to begin building the outpost.Eventually the base will include living quarters,a launch-pad,a storage facility for fuel and supplies,and a power plant.By 2024,NASA experts expect to have enough infrastructure to support a permanent human presence with four astronauts rotating every six months,the same length of a stay as on the International Space Station.

Setting up a permanent outpost on the moon would,in many respects,be more daunting than putting an outpost on Mars.Like Earth,Mars has an atmosphere,weather,and seasons,and its gravity is one-third of Earth’s.The moon has one-sixth of Earth’s gravity,no atmosphere,and a merciless and unending barrage of radiation and micrometeorites.Some scientists argue that if going to Mars is the ultimate goal,there’s no point in going to the moon.

But if the goal is learning about the long-term stays in space,going to the moon provides excellent instruction.Space station astronauts are in low Earth orbit,only 224 miles from safety.(Moon astronauts will be three days from help,and Mars astronauts will,at best,be months away—virtually alone after liftoff.The explorers will not only have to learn to live in reduced gravity in cramped spaces for prolonged periods,but they must also work outside for extended periods in potentially lethal environments they cannot control.They must make oxygen,recycle them,and recycle waste.They must be able to maintain their equipment,knowing that not only their scientific mission but their very lives may depend on their repairs.And they must be able to cope with sickness,set broken bones,perform emergency appendectomies,and,in the worst of circumstances,watch a comrade die from injury or blood loss,knowing that he or she could easily have survived with timely treatment at a terrestrial hospital.Coping with these challenges will require an attitude adjustment and lot of practice,and screw-ups are better handled closer to home.

So astronauts will have to dig into the regolith,and this will not be as easy as it sounds.First there is the challenge of getting heavy equipment into space.Then there are even more fundamental physics problems.Heavy machinery on Earth on friction and gravity to provide a stable underpinning while the machine’s business end cuts,pushes,pulls,digs,scrapes,or pounds.On the moon,inertia is the same—nudge something and it will move with the same vector it has on Earth—but gravity is different.Jab too hard and the machine will jump.Twist too much and the machine tips over.

Despite all its hazards,regolith may hold the answer,not just for blocking out radiation but also for providing building material for a self-sustaining outpost on the moon.The key lies in particles of glass and metallic iron in the lunar soil.(1,172 words)

生词

booted adj.穿着靴的

imprint n.烙印,印记

lunar adj.月的,月亮的,月球的

regolith n.(地质)风化层;土被

backdrop n.背景幕;(事件的)背景

vex v.使烦恼;恼怒

rocketry n.火箭学;火箭技术

virtually adv.几乎;事实上;实质上

boulder n.大石头,巨砾;圆石

nanometer n.纳米;十亿分之一公尺

diameter n.直径

puree n.泥;酱

micrometeorite n.微小陨石

unimpeded adj.未受阻止的,没受到阻碍的

accretion n.增长;冲击层;增添物

eon n.永世,无数的年代

agglomerate v.使成团,使成块;使凝聚

jag v.使成缺口;使成锯齿状

abrasive adj.研磨的,粗糙的

Mars n.(天文)火星

cripple v.使致残;使跛;削弱,损坏

liability n.责任,义务;倾向;债务

pervasive adj.普遍深入的;无处不在的,遍布的

pernicious adj.有害的,毁灭性的

grind v.磨(碎),碾(碎);折磨

rim n.边,轮缘

havoc n.大破坏,浩劫

hydraulics n.水力学

bearing n.轴承;关系

pulmonary adj.肺部的

fibrosis n.(生)纤维症;纤维化

extract v.拔出;榨取;吸取

ceramic n.陶瓷制品

cloak v.掩藏,掩饰

dormant adj.睡眠状态的;静止的;隐匿的

mandate n./v.(书面)命令,训令;要求

hurdle n.障碍

precursor n.先驱;初期形式

orion n.(天)猎户星座

loft v.推入高弧线;升高

dust-ridden adj.满是尘土的

prolonged adj.延长的;拖延的

cosmic adj.宇宙的

sortie n.突围;战斗飞行器执行任务的一次飞行

eventually adv.最终,终于

infrastructure n.基础;基础设施

daunting adj.使人畏缩的

barrage n.一连串

cramp v.关住;限制,约束

calibrate v.校准

lethal adj.致命的

appendectomy n.阑尾切除术

terrestrial adj.地球的,陆地的

screw-up n.一团糟,乱七八糟

underpinning n.基础;支柱,支撑

inertia n.惯性;惯量

nudge v.轻推;靠近

vector n.(数)向量,矢量

jab v.猛刺;击,打

注释

1.Neil Armstrong:尼尔·阿姆斯特朗,第一个登上月球的宇航员。1967年7月16日作为“阿波罗11号”飞船驾驶长开始执行登月任务。7月20日他首先登上月球表面,宣告说:“这是一个人的一小步,却是全人类的一大飞跃。”

2.Apollo:“阿波罗号”飞船。是美国实施载人登月过程中使用的飞船。“阿波罗11号”飞船于1969年7月20日至21日首次实现人类登上月球的理想。飞船由指挥舱、服务舱和登月舱3个部分组成,其中指挥舱是全飞船的控制中心,也是航天员飞行生活和工作的座舱;服务舱采用轻金属蜂窝结构,周围分为6个隔舱,容纳主发动机、推进剂贮箱和增压、姿态控制、电气等系统。前端与指挥舱对接,后端有推进系统主发动机喷管:登月舱由下降级和上升级组成。

3.Vision for Space Exploration:“太空探索展望”。美国总统布什2004年1月宣布,美国宇航员计划在2015年重返月球,并在月球建立永久性基地,作为美国探索太空的“中转站”,进而实现人类登陆火星的梦想。

4.NASA:National Aeronautics and Space Administration,美国国家航空航天局。它是美国联邦政府的一个政府机构,负责美国的太空计划。1958年7月29日,艾森豪威尔总统签署了《美国公共法案85-568》,创立了NASA,总部位于华盛顿哥伦比亚特区。美国国家航空航天局的目标是“理解并保护我们赖以生存的行星;探索宇宙,找到地球外的生命;启示我们的下一代去探索宇宙”。在太空计划之外,美国国家航空航天局还进行长期的民用以及军用航空太空研究。

5.Orion Spaceship:猎户座飞船,NASA新一代载人航天器。这种新型的航天器将接替事故频频的航天飞机成为向国际空间站输送人员、重返月球,甚至登陆火星的载人航天器。

6.International Space Station:国际空间站。国际空间站的设想是1983年由美国总统里根首先提出的,即在国际合作的基础上建造迄今为止最大的载人空间站。经过近十余年的探索和多次重新设计,直到前苏联解体、俄罗斯加盟,国际空间站才在1993年完成设计,开始实施。该空间站以美国、俄罗斯为首,包括加拿大、日本、巴西和欧空局(11个国家)共16个国家参与研制。

7.Low Earth Orbit (LEO):低地球轨道。指卫星在海拔高度约200英里到930英里的位置绕地球运行。低地球轨道运行的卫星必须保持高速以抵抗地球重力,时速大约在17 000英里。因此,低地球轨道卫星绕地球一周的时间只有90分钟。

翻译解析

1.【原文】They’ve found that one of the biggest challenges to lunar settlement—as vexing as new rocketry or radiation—is how to live with regolith that covers virtually the entire lunar surface from a depth of 7 feet to perhaps 100 feet or more.

【译文】他们已经发现定居月球的最大挑战之一就是如何忍受并适应几乎覆盖月球表面七英尺到一百英尺甚至更深的风化层,这个挑战同火箭技术和辐射问题一样令人头疼。

【解析】原文破折号中部分“as vexing as new rocketry or radiation”用来说明定居月球所面临困难之大,翻译时如果按照原文顺序译出会使译文显得拖沓,冗长,读起来也不通顺。本译文中,这一部分被单独译出,放在了整句的后半部分,并因此增加主语译为“这个挑战如同火箭技术和辐射问题一样令人头疼”,更符合汉语行文习惯。

2.【原文】Eons of melting,cooling,and agglomerating have transformed the glass particles in the regolith into a jagged-edged,abrasive powder that clings to anything it touches and packs together so densely that it becomes extremely hard to work on any depth below four inches.

【译文】数十亿年的融化、冷却、凝聚使得风化层中的玻璃微粒已经转化成了锯齿状的粗糙粉末。这些粉末可以依附到它们所接触到的任何物体,其排列非常紧密,人类很难探测到其表面四英寸之下。

【解析】原文为结构较为复杂的长句,译文对此作了分句处理,把原文定语从句“…that clings to anything it touches…”另起一句译出。关于定语从句的翻译问题,请参看本书“定语从句的翻译”一节。

3.【原文】For those who would explore the moon—whether to train for exploring Mars,to mine resources,or to install high-precision observations—regolith is a potentially crippling liability,an all-pervasive,pernicious threat to machinery and human tissue.

【译文】对于那些将要探月的人而言,不管他们是为探索火星而训练,还是为开采资源或安装高精准的观测仪器,风化层都可能是一个潜在的破坏力。这个障碍无处不在,对机械及人类的生物组织具有致命性的威胁。

【解析】原句主语“regolith”的表语为“a potentially crippling liability,an all-pervasive,pernicious threat”,其中包括三个定语性形容词,分别为“crippling”,“all-pervasive”,以及“pernicious”,在翻译时如果照原文直译出来,读者很难搞清其中关系,因此译文中,这几个形容词被分开翻译,“这个障碍无处不在,对机械及人类的生物组织具有致命性的威胁”。

5.【原文】By 2024,NASA experts expect to have enough infrastructure to support a permanent human presence with four astronauts rotating every six months,the same length of a stay as on the International Space Station.

【译文】2024年,NASA科学家将建成足够支持四位宇航员长期居住的基础设施,这些宇航员每六个月轮换一次,和国际空间站上的宇航员逗留的时间是一样的。

【解析】本句在翻译时做了分句处理。原文伴随状语“with four astronauts rotating every six months…”在译文中被分开处理,并重复“这些宇航员”。英语中是尽量避免重复的,但是在汉语中主语的重复有时却是必要的。

6.【原文】Space station astronauts are in low Earth orbit,only 224 miles from safety.

【译文】国际太空站的宇航员位于近地轨道,离地球安全地带仅224英里。

【解析】原文状语从句“only 224 miles from safety”在译文中增加了“离地球(安全地带)”,意思更加清晰。

7.【原文】The explorers will not only have to learn to live in reduced gravity in cramped spaces for prolonged periods,but they must also work outside for extended periods in potentially lethal environments they cannot control.

【译文】这些探索者不仅要学会长时间生活在重力降低的狭窄空间,还要长时间工作在可能致命的飞船外部环境中。这种环境是他们无法控制的。

【解析】原文限制性定语从句“they cannot control”在译文中单独译出,置于译文的最后,并增加主语“这种环境”,更加符合汉语行文习惯。

img15 参考译文

我们能否在月球上活下来?

1969年,尼尔·阿姆斯特朗登上月球,“为人类跨出了一大步”。那一刻,脚蹬靴子的他踏入了月球表面的一层灰色的细微灰尘中,留下了一个脚印。这个脚印后来成为历史上一幅最著名照片的主题。科学家把这层灰尘称作月球风化层。当时,科学家们认为风化层不过是月球地貌的一部分,不过是树立美国国旗的背景罢了。

现在不是这样了。因为自那以后,月球科学家对月球有了更多的了解。他们已经发现定居月球的最大挑战之一就是如何忍受并适应几乎覆盖月球表面七英尺到一百英尺甚至更深的风化层,这个挑战同火箭技术和辐射问题一样令人头疼。风化层中有巨大的石头,也有小到直径只有几个纳米的微粒;最主要的成分是由无数微小陨石形成的泥层。这些陨石30亿年来不断高速撞落月球,丝毫不受大气层阻碍。风化层中有小块的碎石、矿物、微小冲撞受热后形成的玻璃微粒,以及这些物质结合形成的凝固体。

数十亿年的融化、冷却、凝聚使得风化层中的玻璃微粒已经转化成了锯齿状的粗糙粉末。这些粉末可以依附到它们所接触到的任何物体上,其排列非常紧密,人类很难探测到其表面四英寸之下。

对于那些将要探月的人而言,不管他们是为探索火星而训练,还是为开采资源或安装高精准的观测仪器,风化层都可能是一个潜在的破坏力。这个障碍无处不在,对机械及人类的生物组织具有致命性的威胁。仅仅三天的月球漫步,风化层已经极大磨损了阿波罗号宇航员太空服的接缝处,使其几乎丧失其功能。由于边缘受到灰尘侵蚀,用来盛放阿波罗号采集的月球岩石的特制样本箱的真空密封层都磨掉了。对于一个长期月球基地来说,这种机械故障简直意味着灾难。

风化层会对液压设备造成严重破坏,冻结开关,把滚珠轴承变成葡萄果仁麦片。月球灰尘一旦被扬起,微小颗粒将四处飘落,粘到任何接触到的物体上。这些灰尘很难刷掉,吸入肺中会造成肺纤维化,也就是月球上的尘肺病。它和地球上任何东西都不一样。尽管如此,太空科学家还是发现了它有利的一面。从重量看,风化层42%的组成部分是氧气。把这些氧气提取出来可以有助于制造供人呼吸的空气,火箭燃料,还可以和氢气结合在一起产生水。风化层加热变硬可以用做路面、砖块、陶瓷,甚至是用来发电的太阳电池板。在足够厚的风化层上面围起一片居住区域,可以让宇航员免遭辐射。如果说风化层对月球探险是祸,那它同时也可能是福。

这些问题30多年里无人问津,直到2004年1月美国前总统布什宣布“太空探索展望”,给美国国家航空航天局(NASA)一项新的任务:2020年载人重返月球,并最终登上火星。目前,科学家们正在思考如何使这一展望成为现实。尽管人们对于继续月球探索的政治意图仍有争议,技术上面临的问题却是毋庸置疑的。下一位登月宇航员将引领人类到达前所未至的地方,并在那里长时间住下来,要做到这一点是极其困难的。

美国国家航空航天局目前的计划需要完成一系列前期的机器人探索月球任务来测试技术,收集信息。到那时,大概是2018年左右,规划人员希望已经解决了一些关键的未知问题:月球极地到底有没有积冰;能否制造一种宇航服,可供宇航员多次登上满是灰尘的月球表面;人类能否在地心引力降低以及长时间暴露于宇宙辐射环境的情况下长时间停留于满是灰尘的月球表面。

最初阶段的探索将会是和阿波罗号相似的一些短时间的停留,目的是测试技术和设备,以及开始建立前哨基地。最终该基地将拥有居住区域、发射台、燃料和补给的储存设施以及一个发电厂。2024年,NASA科学家将建成足够支持四位宇航员长期居住的基础设施,这些宇航员每六个月轮换一次,和国际空间站上的宇航员逗留的时间是一样的。

在月球上建立永久的前哨基地在很多方面比在火星上建立基地更令人畏缩。火星和地球一样有大气层、气候变化和季节循环,其引力是地球的三分之一。而月球引力是地球的六分之一,没有大气层的保护,来自宇宙的辐射以及微小陨石的袭击永不停止,环境极端恶劣。有些科学家认为如果最终目标是登上火星,那么探索月球是毫无意义的。

但是,如果最终目标是在太空长期停留,那么月球可以提供宝贵的经验。国际太空站的宇航员位于近地轨道,离地球安全地带仅224英里。在月球上的宇航员如果要得到帮助需要三天的时间,而在火星上的宇航员要得到地球上的帮助则最少需要数月,也就是说太空船一旦升空,宇航员就要独自应对。这些探索者不仅要学会长时间生活在重力降低的狭窄空间,还要长时间工作在可能致命的飞船外部环境中。这种环境是他们无法控制的。他们必须制造并循环利用氧气,还要回收利用垃圾。他们必须维修设备,因为不仅科学探索的使命,就连他们的性命都取决于这些设备的修护。他们必须能够应对疾病,处理骨折,实施紧急阑尾切除术,甚至在最坏的情况下,看着同事由于受伤或失血而死;而在地球上的医院里,这样的病或伤如果得到及时治疗,根本没有生命危险。应对这些挑战需要调整态度和大量实践,并且混乱局面在距离地球近的地方能够更好地处理。

所以宇航员不得不开始挖掘月球风化层。这一点也不像听起来那么简单。首先面临的挑战是把重型设备运往太空。其次是一些更基本的物理学问题。地球上的大型设备依靠摩擦和重力提供稳定的支撑才能切、推、拖、掘、刮或重击。在月球上,物体惯性还是一样的,推一下,物体就会和在地球上一样朝着某一方向移动了。但是引力不同,挖掘力量过重,设备就会跳起来。用力大一点,设备就会倾覆。

尽管危险重重,月球风化层仍会给我们带来一些答案。它不仅有助于阻止辐射,还有助于为在月球上建立自给自足的前哨基地提供建筑材料。问题的关键在于月球土壤中的玻璃颗粒以及精炼铁。