Ⅱ 翻译技巧
科技翻译中的合句与分句
科技文章中句子结构复杂，句子内部的逻辑关系需要仔细斟酌，然后依照汉语的表达习惯翻译出来。在这一过程中，句子的分合是常见的操作。
1.合句译法
合句译法就是把两个单句或复合句加以紧缩译成一个汉语句子的翻译方法。合句译法在英译汉中不像分句译法那样多见，但有时也会用到。
英语语法形式比汉语完整，而汉语有时相对简洁。有些两个或以上的语法成分整齐的英语句子，在汉语重意合的情况下，完全可以减少不必要的累赘和重复，直接译成一个汉语句子。如果生硬地照搬原文，反而不符合译文的表达习惯，会使句意松散，意义不明确。
1）两个或两个以上的简单句合译为一个汉语句子。
When found in the earth,gemstones are often dull and rough.Cut and polished,they sparkle as with an inner fire.
从地里采挖出来的宝石通常粗糙发暗，经过切削和磨光之后才发光，像内部燃着火似的。
Halley made a surprising discovery.The comets that had appeared in 1531,1607,and 1682 had the same orbit.
哈雷意外地发现，1531年，1607年和1682年出现的几颗彗星的运行轨道是相同的。
Fluid heat exchangers should be used.These prevent overheating,maintain the fluid in the required viscosity range,and retard thermal and oxidative degradation.
为了防止油液过热、保持油液所需的黏度，并且保护油液不会因高温和氧化作用而分解，应该使用油液散热器。
The liquid moves up the sheet by capillary action.It carries the components of the mixture sample along with it.
液体通过毛细管作用，携带着试样混合物的成分沿着滤纸向上移动。
2）原文主从复合句译为一个简单句。
The electric current flows through a conductor as if it were a fluid.
电流像液体般流过导体。
A bar of iron placed in a coil,through which a current is flowing,becomes magnetized.
铁棒置于带电的线圈中就会被磁化。
It is probably a good thing that sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
声音不能在真空中传播也许是件好事。
There is no place on earth where the days are longer in winter than in summer.
地球上没有一个地方冬天的白昼比夏天长。
3）原文并列复合句译为一个简单句。
They float on the surface of the water and they give off light when they are disturbed.
它们在水面上漂浮，受到干扰时便放出光来。
Many animals are living in the sea and some of them are fearful and dangerous to human beings.
海洋中栖息着的许多动物中，有些是令人生畏且对人有危险的。
Sulphuric acid enters into the manufacture of explosives,dyestuffs and drugs; it is used in sugar refining and in the preparation of fertilizers.
硫酸被用来制造炸药、燃料、药物、食糖和化肥等。
2.分句译法
分句译法就是翻译句子时，把某个词、短语或从句单译成一句，把原文一个句子译成两个以上的句子的方法。主要有以下几种情况：
1）原文的某一个单词在译文中难以放在原句中，需另译一句。
A.名词
With ten years of Sorbonne,and the prospect of a Nobel,Pierre was a rising star in the galaxy of scientists.
皮埃尔·居里在巴黎大学任教十年，又有希望获得诺贝尔奖金，因而在科学界名流中是后起之秀。
The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupants.
每个帐篷的内部怎样布置，这取决于帐篷主人的性格。
The large size and roughly circular shape of the Pacific made some scientists think that it might have been a hole left when the moon separated from the earth.
太平洋浩瀚巨大，又略呈圆形，这使得某些科学家曾认为它也许是月球脱离地球时留下的一个大坑。
B.形容词
A special,patented valve cover design permits all the securing bolts to be tightened equally with the prescribed tension without effort.
阀盖结构特殊，享有专利权；不用费力就能将所有固定螺栓均匀拧紧，达到规定的拉力。（把形容词“special”和作形容词用的过去分词“patented”以及“with”短语均译成分句。）
In Germany a group of amateur enthusiasts,inspired by dreams of inter-planetary travel,were conducting their own,occasionally fatal,experiments on liquid-fuelled rockets.
德国有一些业余火箭爱好者，由于星际旅行这一梦想的激励，正在进行液体燃料火箭实验。他们的实验有时是非常危险的。
Recently very fuzzy pictures of heavy atoms have been made with the use of a specially designed electron microscope.
最近，使用专门设计的电子显微镜，已经拍摄出了重原子照片，但图像非常模糊。
C.副词
But burning too much glucose can dangerously reduce the amount of glucose in the blood.
可是，消耗过多的葡萄糖会减少血液中葡萄糖的含量，这是很危险的。
The degree of acidity or alkalinity of any solution,then,can be most conveniently expressed by the PH system.
因此，任何溶液的酸碱度都可以用PH体系来表示。采用这种方法极为方便。
Until this year,scientists knew only of materials that would super-conduct at temperature impractically close to absolute zero.
在今年以前，科学家们还只知道温度接近绝对零度时（这是不可能办到的）才能超导的材料。
2）原文的短语过长或过为松散，在译文中须拆开译成一个句子，从而使句子数量增加。英语中的许多短语在汉语中实际上要用一句话来表达。短语在英语中只能作句子成分，在汉语中，短语与句子语法结构是相同的。
A.介词短语
The tube consists of a short copper section followed by a longer steel section with a flange at the end.
管子由两段组成：前段短，是铜的；后段较长，是钢的，末端带法兰。
Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made,and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.
制造过程可以分为单件生产和批量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。
All these features combine to make the Type 55 draw works a very rugged and compact piece of machinery for easy handling,smooth operation and minimum maintenance.
这些特点综合起来使55型绞车成为非常坚实和紧凑的机器，移运方便，操作平稳，维护保养工作量最少。
B.不定式短语
Care shall be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp.
应经常注意保护仪器，勿使沾染尘土，勿使受潮。
It needs no proof to show that all objects at rest remains at rest until acted upon by an external force.
一切静止物体在没有外力作用之前保持静止，这一点无需证明。
This kind of wood is so heavy as to sink in water.
这种木头很重，在水里会下沉。
C.分词短语
The fabricating service of our company is based on abundant experience accumulated in over 100 years of designing and manufacturing complete process plants or unit process equipment for the chemical and petroleum industries.
一百多年来，我公司在设计和制造化学和石油工业用成套工艺装置或单一工艺设备方面积累了丰富经验。我们的加工装备服务就是根据这些经验进行的。
Confined in a rigid container,gas will expand at high temperatures.
气体即使封闭在刚性容器中，在高温下也会膨胀。
The propeller of an airplane forces air backward,developing thrust.
飞机的螺旋桨迫使空气向后移动，于是就产生了推力。
Being a force,weight can be measured by a spring balance.
由于重量是一种力，所以它可用弹簧秤测量。
D.名词短语
The very short wave lengths of ultrasound make a great difference in what ordinary sound waves can do.
超声波的波长极短，其功能与普通声波相比大不同。
The much lower capacity of direct reduction processes makes them impossible to compete with the blasé furnace.
各种直接还原法的生产能力低得多，它们不能和高炉炼铁法相竞争。
The complex process of photosynthesis is controlled by several genes.
光合作用过程是复杂的，它受数种基因所制约。
The rotor has a well-designed structure consisting of a laminated core containing a winding.
转子的结构设计得很好，它由一个叠片铁心构成，铁心上绕着线圈。
3）原文一个句子，其句法结构或语意逻辑在译文中通过一个单句无法正确通顺地表达，最好译成两个或两个以上的句子。
A.原文为简单句的分译
I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.
我曾经遇到的情况，不是氧气设备出故障，就是发动机出故障，或者两者都出故障。
The increase in pressure with depth makes it difficult for a man to go very deep far below the water surface.
压力随深度而增加，这使人类进入深水很困难。
B.原文为复合句的分译
It is not surprising that,when humidity is low,the water evaporates rapidly from the fruit.
在大气湿度低的情况下，水果里的水分蒸发就快，这是不足为奇的。
Everyone realizes to what extent the world is dependent on petroleum as the source of that magical fluid,gasoline,which has made the automobile possible to drive.
每个人都知道人类生活对石油依赖到什么程度。石油是那奇妙液体——汽油——的来源，而正是汽油使汽车能够开动。
But,as a matter of fact,we shall see later that this is not the case,that the known quantity of radium is gradually disappearing and that at the end of about 1,600 years it will be half gone.
但事实上，我们在下面将看到，情况并不是那样。一定数量的镭逐渐在消失，过了1 600年左右它就会消失一半。
Pure copper wires have very low resistances,which is why they are so much used in electric circuits.
纯铜线具有很低的电阻，这就是在电路中大量使用它们的原因。