Passage One

“Post-colonialism”loosely designates a set of theoretical approaches which focus on the direct effects and aftermaths of colonization．It also represents an attempt at transcending the historical definition of its primary object of study toward an extension of the historic and political notion of“colonizing”tootherformsofhumanexploitation，normalization，repression and dependency．Post-colonialism forms a composite but powerful intellectual and critical movement which renews the perception and understanding of modern history，cultural studies，literary criticism，and political economy．

“Colonialism”is a term that critically refers to the political ideologies which legitimated the modern invasion，occupation and exploitation of inhabited lands by overwhelming outside military powers．For the local populations，it implied the forceful elimination of resistance，the imposition of alien rules，and the parasitic utilization of natural resources including manpower．This term appeared in the context of Marxism and became a cornerstone of the discourse of resistance during the 20th century．It was meant to counter the positive connotations attached to the use of“colonization”—understood as a legitimate“civilizing process”often reinforced by a religious agenda—by calling attention to its actual economic motivations and denouncing its ruthless oppression．

“Post-colonialism”appeared in the context of decolonization that marked the second half of the 20th century and has been appropriated by contemporary critical discourse in a wide range of domains mapped by at least half a dozen disciplines．However，in spite of some two decades ofdefinitional debates，this term remains a fuzzy concept stretching from a strictly historical definition to the more encompassing and controversial sphere of its contemporary kin-terms similarly prefixed by a morpheme that indicatestemporalsuccessionwhilesuggestingtranscending perspectives(post-structuralist，post-modern and the like)．

Indeed，on the one hand，“post-colonial”may refer to the status of a land that is no longer colonized and has regained its political independence(e．g．，post-colonial India)．In this sense，“postcolonialism”will pertain to the set of features(economic，political，social，etc．)which characterizes these countries and the way in which they negotiate their colonial heritage，being understood that long periods of forced dependency necessarily had a profound impact on the social and cultural fabric of these societies(the post-colonial condition)．It may also apply to the former colonizers in as much that both extended contacts with the alien societies they conquered，and the eventual loss of these profitable possessions，deeply influenced the course of their economic and cultural evolution．

On the other hand，“post-colonialism”may designate，and denounce，the new forms of economic and cultural oppression that have succeeded modern colonialism，sometimes called“neo-colonialism”．The term tends to point out that cooperation，assistance，modernisation and the like are in fact new forms of political and cultural domination as pernicious as the former imperial colonialism or colonial imperialism were:the devaluation of autochthonous ways of life and their displacement by the ethos of dominant nations which are technologically more advanced．Obviously，these two senses are intimately linked but foregrounddifferentaspectsofasingleprocess:thecultural homogeneization of ever larger areas of the globe．

This process raises several kinds of conceptual and pragmatic problems．One of the most challenging is to understand the historicalconditions in which this new analytical tool emerged and how its epistemological impact transformed policies and practices not only in the academicagendaandbeyondbutalsointhemanagementof representation．Crucial questions in this respect bear upon the source of the authoritative voices，whether they originate among the former colonizers or the former colonized and using whose discourse，whether they use the rhetoric of atonement or the rhetoric of resentment，whether they promote strategies of true empowerment or opportunistic strategies of protracted control．

Another important issue is the extent to which the contemporary notions of colonialism and post-colonialism can legitimately help conceptualize all past colonizations and their political，economical and cultural consequences．Are these notions valid epistemological tools to better understand the past?Do such conceptual extensions result in defusing the ethical questioning of modern European colonization?Does post-colonial discourse describe“normal”processes of cultural change through conquest and domination or does it engage human responsibility in the novel context of global awareness?Can multi-voiced reassessments of history impact upon the present or is the critical discourse of postcolonialism a mere epiphenomenon that is a symptom of broader and deeper interacting forces?

Questions relating to colonial medicine and science more generally will constitute another point of focus．Indeed，colonial medicine may be used as a prism through which to examine a host of postcolonial topics: from social control to ways in which colonial medical frameworks were subverted;from the place of the body in the colonial project to the construction of a colonial discourse on tropical diseases and their causes，to forms of colonial knowledge．In short，by dissecting colonial medical discourses and practices，one can shed light on the political and ideological agenda of colonialism and its postcolonial legacies．

True or False Statements

1．Postcolonialism intends to reinterpret the old conceptions and notions about colonialism．

2．Postcolonialism also concerns itself with people in the former colonialist countries．

3．History and culture of the former colonized lands are particularly the center for postcolonialism to construct．

4．In the eyes of postcolonialists technological exportation can be a form of colonialism．

5．Science can also be loaded with colonialism．