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几百年前，举办一次这样的活动是十分麻烦的，我们得流利地说许多种不同的语言，因为在当时克服语言障碍的办法就是学习多种不同的语言。当然，那时候的人们有一个心照不宣的观念:不同的语言显示着不一样的社会地位。

今天我们的做法有些不一样。我们不用分散精力去学习多种语言，而只需集中精力掌握一种特别的语言——英语。《时代》杂志最近说，在世纪之交，英语将会成为世界1/4人口的通用语。今天世界上已有60%的电视和广播在用英语制作和传送。70%的信件是用英语写的。在全球传送的电脑数据中，几乎每个字节用的都是英语。

但为什么偏偏是英语呢?人们很难从语言学方面为英语在全球的主导地位找一个原因。但至少我们可以说英语的语法是复杂的、拼写是独特的、发音是古怪的。只要翻翻字典，你就能发现一大串逗人的似是而非的隽语——quicksand反而慢腾腾，boxing ring原来是方的，guinea pig既不是来自几内亚，也不是猪。一个人可以说make amends，但却不能说one amend，这不是很奇怪吗?你可以仔细翻阅一本史册，但却不能把“一本史册”说成one annal。其中的原因，女士们、先生们，是很简单的。英语确实很奇怪，但与其他语言相比，就显得小巫见大巫了。

也许我该给大家举几个成语例子。“千载难逢”用英语我们说once in a blue moon，在意大利语中则成了every death of a Pope。依地语不喜欢把“猝死”说成drop dead，而用更为模糊的you should lie in the earth来表达。如果你想用西班牙语表达让某人“走开”，那么最好是用go fry asparagus，而不是用相对较直白的英语说法go fly a kite。英语的最基本优势即在于它的灵活性。一方面，它在所有现代语言中词汇量是最大的，允许我们这些使用者能用最恰当的词汇恰如其分地表达出我们的思想。另一方面，全球化使得商业英语的出现成为必然，而商业英语是简化了的英语，它已成为我们都熟悉并喜爱的语言。

The adverse of exportation of cultural products reflects not only the number of products，butalso the number of high-end branded products．Developed countries are penetrating China by using branded products．China's culture trade should also focus on using branded products in the marketplace．Recognizable Chinese brandsmust be developed to widen the influence of Chinese culture．

Although globalization is speeding up，each country's culture remains unique，so it's normal to have cultural barrier when doing cultural trade．So for a branding strategy it's important to balance localization and internationalization for themes，content and creativity，product formand so on．This is to keep the right tone between individualismand international standard and to produce products with both Chinese characteristics and international styles．We would like to share our concept of“Chinese elements，international production;Chinese stories，international expression”，which was formed after we successfully produced the famous production ERA-Intersection of Time．I firmly believe by holding this concept it's helpful to produce more universal value and internationally popular cultural products．

美国文化的主要内容是强调个人价值，追求民主自由，崇尚开拓和竞争，讲求理性和实用。其核心是个人中心主义:个人至上、私欲至上，追求个人利益和个人享受，强调通过个人奋斗和个人自我设计，追求个人价值的最终实现。这种刻意塑造自我、追求个性化的个人主义有其积极的一面，也有消极的一面。它调动了个人的积极性，使许多人的智慧和潜力得以充分发挥，从而促进整个民族与国家的振兴和发展。然而，人人以自我为中心，人际关系就难以融洽，整个社会也会缺乏凝聚力。

美国公众注重成就，仰慕英雄，有深厚的成就崇拜和英雄崇拜的心理积淀。个人成就是所有美国人价值观中评价最高的价值之一。美国人有很强的成就(或成功)意识。成功是所有美国人的追求，是诱人的前景、前进的动力。他们坚信，一个人的价值就等于他在事业上的成就。一些事业有成的企业家、科学家、艺术家和各类明星，成了新时代的英雄。他们个人奋斗的过程和结果，成了社会文化价值取向的参照系、父母教育子女的活教材。

美国是流动性很大的社会。这种流动体现在两个方面:地域性流动和社会性流动。美国社会相对开放和自由。发达的交通和冒险好动的传统使许多美国人从乡村流到城市，又从市中心流向郊区;从北方流到南方阳光地带，从一个城市流到另一个城市。美国社会阶级不像欧洲国家那样固定，加上公共教育的普及，使沿着社会阶梯向上流动成为可能。许多生活在美国的人，无论是土生土长的美国人，还是漂洋过海来到美国的外国移民，都有一个梦，即通过自己的努力，改变自己的社会地位，实现自己的人生梦想，这就是人们常津津乐道的“美国梦”。

UNDP is the United Nations global development network．We are working in 166 countries，advocating for change and connecting countries in order to increase knowledge，experiences and resources to help people build a better life．

In China，UNDP is working to foster human development through the empowerment of women and men，for them to build better lives．Through partnerships and innovative projects，UNDP is committed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and to build an equitable Xiao Kang society by reducing poverty，strengthening the rule of law，promoting environmental sustainability，and fighting HIV/AIDS．

UNDP started its operations in China in September 1979．Over the past 28 years，we have successfully mobilized US$1 billion to support China's development efforts．Through the completion of over 900 projects，we have worked in a diverse set of development fields such as agriculture，industry，energy，public health，povertyalleviation and economic restructuring．

In particular，UNDP is actively working to improve the lives of the most vulnerable groups in the society through development activities—groups including ethnic minorities who often have a distinctive lifestyle due to their individual environmental，social，cultural and historical background．UNDP works to improve their livelihoods，building on the rich knowledge and skills that these minorities possess．UNDP believes that their cultural history—made visible through tourismand the traditional handicraft sector—can act as powerful engines and promote and develop the communities of these ethnic minorities，as well as contribute to poverty alleviation and development．

中国人饮茶，注重一个“品”字。“品茶”不但是鉴别茶的优劣，也带有神思遐想和领略饮茶情趣之意。在百忙之中泡上一壶浓茶，择雅静之处，自斟自饮，可以消除疲劳、涤烦益思、振奋精神。你也可以细啜慢饮，达到美的享受，使精神世界升华到高尚的艺术境界。品茶的环境一般由建筑物、园林、摆设、茶具等因素组成。饮茶地点要求安静、清新、舒适、干净。中国园林世界闻名，山水风景更是数不胜数。利用园林或自然山水，搭设茶室，让人们小憩，意趣盎然。

中国是文明古国、礼仪之邦，很重礼节。凡来了客人，沏茶、敬茶的礼仪是必不可少的。当有客来访，可征求意见，选用最合来客口味的茶叶和最佳茶具待客。主人在陪伴客人饮茶时，要注意客人杯、壶中的茶水残留量。一般用茶杯泡茶，如已喝去一半，就要添加开水，随喝随添，使茶水基本保持浓度一致、水温适宜。在饮茶时也可适当佐以茶食、糖果、菜肴等，达到调节口味、减轻饥饿之功效。

The Chinese civilization is one that has continued uninterrupted for more than 5，000years．The distinct cultural tradition of the Chinese nation that developed in the long course of history has exerted a strong influence on contemporary China，just as it did on ancient China．Putting people first，keeping pace with the times，maintaining social harmony and pursuing peaceful development:these values that are beingpursued in China today are derived fromits tradition．But they also give expression to the progress of the times．

The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to the people and respect for people's dignity and value．Centuries ago，the Chinese already pointed out that“people are the foundation of a country;when the foundation is stable，the country is in peace”．“nothing is more valuable in the universe than human beings．”The ancient Chinese emphasized the value of serving the people，enriching them，nourishing them，and benefiting them．

The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to unremitting selfimprovement，reformand innovation．As an ancient Chinese motto puts it，“As Heaven keeps vigor through movement，a gentleman should unremittingly practice self-improvement．”Throughout its 5，000-year history，it is thanks to their perseverance，determination，stamina and innovation that the Chinese nation has grown after surviving numerous setbacks and adversity．

The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to social harmony，unity and mutual assistance．Back in the early days of the Chinese nation，the Chinese already advocated that“harmony ismost valuable”．They strove for harmony between man and nature，among people and betweenman's body and soul，and yearned for an ideal society where“everyone loves everyone else，everyone is equal and the whole world is one community”．

The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to good neighborliness．The Chinese nation cherishes peace．In foreign relations，the Chinese have always believed that“the strong should not oppress the weak and the rich should not bully the poor”and advocated that“all nations live side by side in perfect harmony”．The Chinese held that“one should be as inclusive as the ocean，which is vast because it admits hundreds of rivers”and called for drawing upon the strength of others．

我做很多采访。一周至少要做两三次——从CNN到地方报纸。不管在哪里做采访，如果要做一个好的采访者，你必须知道三件事:

1．要有趣。人们所问的问题并非是他们真想知道答案的问题，而是他们觉得有趣的问题。如果他们认为得到的答案会很有趣，他们就会问你在中国茶叶的价格是多少。所以你在采访中的工作就是给出一个具有娱乐性、发人深省以及其他人们所喜欢的事物的答案。

2．要简洁。世界上没有多少人会对你的内心想法抱以无尽的关注度。所以你不能在一个访谈中想着什么就说出什么，让每个人都等着你切入正题。你的主题必须立即开始。同时，如果你说话简洁，整个采访的过程可能会有趣一些。对于一个话题，你谈论的时间越长，就越容易让人们失去兴趣。在公共关系中，把这称为“精悍话语”。事实上，你可以在任何地方都用到这种“精悍话语”技术——在广播里，在博客贴上，或者在约会中。

3．对话式。在做笔录采访时你不可能讲很多，因为你旁边一个人都没有。但是在电话采访或是电视节目里，你可以把一个访谈做得更像对话些。在很多情况下，这种方式的采访会更有趣。

首先，它让观众觉得采访人有自己独特的趣味，因为你在回问他(她)问题。并且，有两个有趣的人的地方总比只有一个有趣的人的地方要好些。

The Dragon Boat Festival，the 5th day of the 5th lunarmonth，has had a history ofmore than 2，000years．It is usually in June in the Gregorian calendar．

There are many legends about the evolution of the festival，the most popular of which is in commemoration of Qu Yuan(340-278 BC)．According to Shih Chi(the Historical Records)，Qu Yuan was minister of the State of Chu and one of China's earliest poets．In face of great pressure from the powerful Qin State，he advocated enriching the country and strengthening its military forces so as to fight against the Qin．However，he was opposed by aristocrats headed by Zi Lan，and later deposed and exiled by King Huai．In his exiled days，he still cared much for his country and people and composed immortal poems including Li Sao(The Lament)，Tian Wen(Heavenly Questions)and Jiu Ge(Nine Songs)，which had far-reaching influences．In 278 BC，he heard the news thatQin troops had finally conquered Chu's capital，so he finished his last piece HuaiSha(Embracing Sand)and plunged himself into the Miluo River，clasping his arms to a large stone．The day happened to be the 5th of the 5th month in the Chinese lunar calendar．

After his death，the people of Chu crowded to the bank of the river to pay their respects to him．The fishermen sailed their boats up and down the river to look for hisbody．People threw into the water zongzi(pyramid-shaped glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in reed or bamboo leaves)and eggs to divert possible fish or shrimp from attacking his body．An old doctor poured a jug of realgar wine(Chinese liquor seasoned with realgar)into the water，hoping to turn all aquatic beasts drunk．That's why people later followed the customs such as dragon boat racing，eating zongzi and drinking realgar wine on that day．

我发现历史课中需要的语言技能与现实生活密切相关。因为历史包含的题材很宽——政治事件、社会变化、文化与艺术运动，等等——历史系的学生必须掌握很宽的词汇面才能描述并分析这些不同的主题。对于我的历史课来说，我写过的论文有关于雅典与斯巴达在波斯战争中使用的军事战略、中世纪哲学家阿伯拉尔的自传、19世纪60年代俄罗斯农民的起义、中国清代早期的生态环境危机，还有很多其他题目。大量的阅读、写作与讨论使我迅速地吸收并掌握了新的词汇与修辞技巧。而且令人高兴的是，很多历史学家也是优秀作家，他们对英语的精妙运用使他们的著作成为英语说明性散文的最好典范。

写作能力强是一项很好的技能，但它是否重要呢?是的，非常重要!很多来耶鲁大学招聘学生的公司，包括大多数众所周知的华尔街金融与咨询公司，公开声明他们首选那些有着扎实的写作能力的应聘者。每年这些公司都雇用大量来自历史系、英语系、政治学系的毕业生，但这些毕业生都没有受到过正式的金融与商科教育。令人感到好奇的是，在诸如耶鲁、哈佛、普林斯顿这样的名牌私立大学里，本科生的经济与金融课程带有极强的理论倾向，并不能马上应用于私人公司的业务。的确，多数名牌大学甚至不开设本科生的商科课程。在美国最有影响力、收入也最高的职业之一就是律师，而这一行中写作技能是绝对必要的。因此，上法学院是耶鲁大学历史系毕业生最为普遍的目标之一并不奇怪。

Chinese characters evolved from pictures and signs，and the Chinese art of calligraphy developed naturally from its unique writing system．Through the ages，great calligraphers developed representative calligraphic styles of their times．Thelove of calligraphy is deeply ingrained in Chinese scholars，and has been handed down to the present day．

Compared with the oil painting，the Chinese traditional painting has its unique characteristits．The roots of Chinese painting can be traced back to paintings on Neolithic pottery six or seven thousand years ago．Since similar tools and lines were used for the earliest painting and writing，painting is said to have the same origin as calligraphy．Thus，Chinese paintings usually integrate poetry or calligraphy with themes that include figures，landscapes，flowers，birds and other animals．

Traditional Chinese painting remains a highly valued genre，often on exhibit in China as well as other countries．The contemporary art world in China is also very active．Some Chinese artists have become adept atWestern-style painting，both oil and watercolor．Many Chinese painters have created works that combine traditional Chinese painting techniques with those of theWest，enhancing both forms．

经济这个词来源于希腊语，其意为“管理一个家庭的人”。乍一看，这个起源似乎有点奇特。但事实上，家庭和经济有着许多共同之处。

一个家庭面临着许多决策。它必须决定哪些家庭成员去做什么，以及作为回报每个家庭成员能得到什么:谁做晚饭?谁洗衣服?谁在晚餐时多得到一块甜点?谁有权选择看什么电视节目?简言之，家庭必须考虑到每个成员的能力、努力和愿望，以便在各个成员中配置稀缺资源。

和家庭一样，一个社会也面临着许多决策。一个社会必须决定将要做哪些工作和谁做这些工作。社会需要一些人种粮食，另一些人做衣服，还有一些人设计电脑软件。一旦社会分配人们(以及土地、建筑物和机器)去做各种工作，它还应该分配他们生产的物品与劳务量。社会必须决定谁将吃鱼子酱而谁将吃土豆。它还必须决定谁将开保时捷跑车而谁将坐公共汽车。

由于资源稀缺，社会资源的管理就是重要的。稀缺性是指社会提供的东西少于人们想要拥有的东西。正如一个家庭不能给每个成员想要的每一件东西一样，一个社会也不能给每个人他们所向往的最高生活水平。

经济学研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。在大多数社会中，资源并不是由一个中央计划者来配置，而是通过千百万家庭和企业的共同行动来配置的。因此，经济学家研究人们如何作出决策:他们工作多少，购买什么，储蓄多少，以及如何把储蓄用于投资。经济学家还研究人们如何相互交易。例如，经济学家探讨一种物品众多的买者与卖者如何共同决定该物品的销售价格和销售量。最后，经济学家分析影响整个经济的力量和趋势。包括平均收入的增长、人口中找不到工作的人的比例，以及价格上升的速度。

China is one of the countries most susceptible to the adverse effects of climate change，mainly in the fields of agriculture，livestock breeding，forestry，natural ecosystems，water resources，and coastal zones．

Impact on Agriculture and Livestock Breeding

Climate change has already produced visible adverse effects on China's agriculture and livestock-raising sectors，manifested by increased instability in agricultural production，severe damages to crops and livestock breeding caused by drought and high temperatures in some parts of the country，aggravated spring freeze injury to early-budding crops due to climate warming，decline in the output and quality of grasslands，and augmented losses caused by meteorological disasters．

The impact of future climate change on agriculture and livestock breeding will still bemainly adverse．It is likely there will be a drop in the yield of the threemajor crops—wheat，paddy rice and corn;changes in the agricultural production layoutand structure;accelerated decomposition of organic elements in the soil;enlarged scope of crop diseases and insect pests;accelerated potential desertification trend of grasslands;rising frequency of natural fire disasters;sagging livestock production and reproductive ability;and growing risk of livestock epidemics．

Impact on Forestry and Other Natural Ecosystems

The impact of climate change on China's forestry and other natural ecosystems are mainly manifested in the following aspects:the northward shift of the northern boundaries of eastern subtropical and temperature zones and early phenophase; upward shift of the lower boundaries of forest belts in some areas;elevation of lower line of highland permafrost and decreased area of permafrost;rising frequency of animal and plant diseases and insect pests with marked changes in the distribution ofregions;reduced area and overall shrinking trend of glaciers in northwestern China; and threat to the oasis ecosystemposed by accelerated melting of glaciers and snow cover．

造成收入差距加大的另一个不可指责的原因或许是攀升的移民率。移民们趋于集中在低收入和高收入的两个群体中。因此，人们对下面这种情况就不会感到奇怪了。在收入最不平均的7个州——纽约、亚利桑那、新墨西哥、路易斯安那、加利福尼亚、罗德岛和德克萨斯——移民约占总人口的13%(在加利福尼亚占25%)。而在收入差距最小的7个州，移民只占3.8%。

劳动力从制造业领域的转出也是原因之一。服务领域的工作者既可包括酒店服务生又可包括脑外科医生。而制造业中的工资差别可就小得多了，因而工业州的收入分配更趋于平均化。劳动统计局的数据表明，在亚利桑那、路易斯安那和纽约10%的劳动者从事制造业工作，而在收入较平均的州，如印地安那和威斯康星，这个数字是23%。

另外，在收入差距最大的7个州，80%的人口居住在大城市里或附近。而在收入最平均的州，居住在城里的居民只约占一半。如果时光倒流100年，当我们还是一个广大的农业国时，我们可能看不到如此巨大的贫富差距，但正是美国的这些城市造就了财富，从而为成功者提供了更美好的前程。

收入的不平均并不代表不平等。人为地控制贫富差距只会有害无益。加大税收力度也许会缩小贫富差距，但如果它抑制了经济发展，那也只是毫无意义的成就。美国民众最该关心的应是保持经济增长，而不是将注意力转移到收入与财富的差距上。

The idea of shame，usually expressed as“face”could be loosely defined as the“status”or“self-respect”in Chinese and by no means alien to foreigners．It is the worst thing for a Chinese to lose face．Never insult，embarrass，shame，yell at or otherwise demean a person．Since all these actions would risk putting a Chinese in a situation that hemight lose face．Neither try to prove someone wrong nor shout at him in public．In order to get a successful effect without letting a Chinese lose face，any criticismshould be delivered privately，discreetly and tactfully，or else，just oppositeto what you wish．

Throughoutmuch of Chinese history，the fundamental glue that has held society together is the concept of guanxi，relationships between people．It is very important for the Chinese to have good relationships．They often regard good social relations as a symbol of personal ability and influence．Someone who has no connections would be despised and is only half-Chinese．

Keqi not only means considerate，polite，and well-mannered，but also represents humbleness and modesty．It is impolite to be arrogant and brag about oneself or one's inner circle．The expression ismost often used in the negative，as in buyao keqi，meaning“you shouldn't be so kind and polite to me”，or“you're welcome”．

虽然市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法，但这个规律也有一些重要的例外。政府干预经济的原因有两类:促进效率和促进平等。这就是说，大多数政策的目标不是把经济蛋糕做大，就是改变蛋糕的分割。

看不见的手通常会使市场有效地配置资源。但是，由于各种原因，有时看不见的手不起作用。经济学家用“市场失灵”这个词来指市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。

市场失灵的一个可能原因是外部性。外部性是一个人的行动对旁观者福利的影响。污染是外部成本的一个典型例子。如果一家化工厂并不承担它排放烟尘的全部成本，它就会大量排放。在这种情况下，政府就可以通过环境保护来增加经济福利。外部经济的一个典型例子是知识创新。当一位科学家做出了一项重要发现，他就生产了一种其他人也能使用的有用资源。在这个例子里，政府可以通过给予补助来提高经济福利，而事实也正是这样。

市场失灵的另一个可能原因是市场势力。市场势力是指一个人(或一小群人)不适当地影响市场价格的能力。例如，假设镇里的每个人都需要水，但只有一口井，这口井的所有者对水的销售就有市场势力——在这种情况下，它是一个垄断者。这口井的所有者并不受残酷竞争的限制，而正常情况下看不见的手正是以这种竞争来制约个人的私利。你将会知道，在这种情况下，规定垄断者收取的价格有可能提高经济效率。

Multimedia is the combination of computer and video technology．Multimedia really just two media sound and pictures，or in today's term，audio and video．Multimedia itself has its binary aspects．As with all modern technologies，it is made from a mix of hardware and software，machine and ideas．More importantly，you can conceptually divide technology and function of multimedia into control systems and information．The enabling force behind multimedia is digital technology．Multimedia represents the convergence of digital control and digitalmedia—the PC as the digital control systemand the digital media being today's most advanced formof audio and video storage and transmission．In fact，some people see multimedia simply as the marriage of PCs and video．PC power has reached a level close to that needed for procession television and sound data streams in real time，multimedia was born．Multimedia PC needs to be more powerful than mainstream computer—at least the multimedia PC defines the mainstream．Among contemporary PCs，about the only things that separate an ordinary computer frommultimedia are a soundboard and a CD-ROMdriver．The CD serves as multimedia's chief storage and exchange medium．Without the convenient CD，the PC industry would lack a means of distributing the hundreds of megabytes of audio，visual，and textual data thatmake up today's multimedia titles．Without CD，you couldn't buy multimedia because publishers have no way of getting it to you．