2．名词解释

Soft power软实力

Soft power is the ability to obtain what you want through co-option and attraction rather than the hard power of coercion and payment．It was developed in the context of international relations theory by Harvard University professor Joseph Nye，in a 1990 book，Bound to Lead:The Changing Nature of American Power．He further developed the concept in his 2004 book，Soft Power:The Means to Success in World Politics．The term is now widely used in international affairs by analysts and statesmen．For example，in 2007，Chinese President Hu Jintao told the 17th Communist Party Congress that China needed to increase its soft power，and the American Secretary of Defense Robert Gates spoke of the need to enhance American soft power by“a dramatic increase in spending on the civilian instruments of national security—diplomacy，strategic communications，foreign assistance，civic action and economic reconstruction and development”．In international politics，the soft power of a country rests primarily on three resources:its culture(in places where it is attractive to others)，its political values(when it lives up to themat home and abroad)，and its foreign policies(when they are seen as legitimate and having moral authority)．In 2008，Nye applied the concepts of hard and soft power to individual leadership in The Powers to Lead．At the individual level，key examples of soft power resources are charisma，communication，persuasion，symbolic action，and exemplary behavior．The idea of attraction as a formof power is notnew，and can be dated back to such ancient Chinese philosophers as Lao Tsu in the 7th century BC，but the modern development and use of the soft power terminology dates back only to the late 20th century．

Reciprocity principle互惠原则

In international relations and treaties，the principle of reciprocity states that favours，benefits，or penalties that are granted by one state to the citizens or legal entities of another，should be returned in kind．

For example，reciprocity has been used in the reduction of tariffs，the grant ofcopyrights to foreign authors，the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments，and the relaxation of travel restrictions and visa requirements．