1
非洲:第4版
1.18.7 人类可持续发展的挑战和促进人权的机遇
人类可持续发展的挑战和促进人权的机遇

尽管已经取得了里程碑式的成就,但要在非洲实现人类的可持续发展,仍有许多工作要做。数以百万计人口的食物、住房和医疗保健等基本需求依然得不到保障。如果现有的全球经济等级制度和不平等现象持续存在,非洲就不可能实现真正的人类发展,只有同时改变全球经济结构,才能维持公平分配国家财富的内部改革。例如,跨国公司经常侵犯当地人民的个人和群体权利,将土地让渡给农业企业,污染环境,倾倒有毒废物,或出售过期药品。小型武器的扩散和跨国雇佣军在西非的活动威胁着从前饱受战争蹂躏的国家刚刚起步的和平进程。

但应对上述挑战和推广尊重人权文化的重大机遇也摆在了我们面前。普通人参与公共辩论的能力逐步得到提升,也更有动力围绕人们共同关心的问题动员起来。民众中正在兴起的公共问责文化有可能遏制腐败,从而释放用于重要社会需求的资源,如物质基础设施、教育和医疗保健。公民通过传统媒体和新媒体持续监督政府的表现。当前面临的问题和需求走出了议会的围墙,在广播、电视、社交媒体上被人们热烈讨论。这种公共精神正在重构领导人与公民之间的关系。如果选民感到政治家无法完成当选时的服务承诺,他们就会用选票把后者赶下台。在尊重人权文化的制度化进程中,这种气氛是十分有利的。

致 谢

本章得益于彼得·纳尔(Peter Narh)和费萨尔·加尔巴(Faisal Garba)提供的专门研究援助,他们都曾获德国拜罗伊特大学博士学位。纳尔现为加纳大学非洲研究所(Institute of African Studies)研究员,加尔巴则在南非开普敦大学教授社会学。

拓展阅读建议

An-Na'im,Alhassan A.,and Jeffrey Hammond.2002.“Cultural Transformation and Human Rights in African Societies.”In Cultural Transformations and Human Rights in Africa,ed.Alhassan A.An-Na'im.London:Zed Books.

Butegwa,Florence.2002.“Mediating Culture and Human Rights in Favour of Land Rights for Women in Africa:A Framework for Community-Level Action.”In Cultural Transformations and Human Rights in Africa,ed.Alhassan A.An-Na'im.London:Zed Books.

Gyekye,Kwame.1992.“Person and Community in Akan Thought.”In Person and Community,ed.Kwasi Wiredu and Kwame Gyekye.Washington,DC:Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.

Hochschild,Adam.1999.King Leopold's Ghost.A Story of Greed,Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa.Boston:Mariner Books.

Ibrahim,Jibrin.2006.“Expanding the Human Rights Regime in Africa:Citizens,Indigenes and Exclusion in Nigeria.”In Human Rights,Regionalism and the Dilemmas of Democracy in Africa,ed.Lennart Wohlgemuth and Ebrima Sall.Dakar:CODESRIA.

International Humanist and Ethical Union.2006.On a Communitarian Ethos:Equality and Human Rights in Africa.Available at www.iheu.org/node/2360.

Mutua,Makau.2000.“The African Human Rights System:A Critical Evaluation,”Human Development Report Background Paper.Available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2000/papers/MUTUA.pdf.

Nyamu-Musembi,Celestine.2002.“Are Local Norms and Practices Fences or Pathways?The Examples of Women's Property Rights.”In Cultural Transformations and Human Rights in Africa,ed.Alhassan A.An-Na'im.London:Zed.

Oloka-Onyango,Joseph.2000.“Human Rights and Sustainable Development in Contemporary Africa:A New Dawn or Retreating Horizons?”Human Development Report Background Paper.Available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2000/papers/joseph%20oloka-onyango1.pdf.

Olukoshi,Adebayo.2005.“Changing Patterns of Politics in Africa.”In Politics and Social Movements in a Hegemonic World:Lessons from Africa,Asia and Latin America,ed.Atilio A.Boron and Gladys Lechini.Buenos Aires:Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales.

Tamale,Sylvia.2007.“The Right to Culture and the Culture of Rights:A Critical Perspective on Women's Sexual Rights in Africa.”In Sex Matters,ed.Adili Zia and Billy Kahora.Nairobi:Urgent Action Fund.

Whitehead,Ann,and Dzodzi Tsikata.2003.“Policy Discourses on Women's Land Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa:The Implications of the Re-turn to the Customary.”Journal of Agrarian Change 3(1-2):67-112.

Zeleza,Paul T.2006.“Human Rights and Development in Africa:New Contexts,Challenges and Opportunities.”In Human Rights,Regionalism and the Dilemmas of Democracy in Africa,ed.Lennart Wohlgemuth and Ebrima Sall.Dakar:CODESRIA.

【注释】

[1]包括非洲女性权利团结组织(Solidarity on African Women's Rights)、立即平等组织(Equality Now)、非洲女性参与法律和发展组织(Women in Law and Development in Africa)、非洲女性团结组织(Femmes Africa Solidarité)及非洲女性发展和通信网络(African's Women's Development and Communication Network)等大洲组织,以及一些区域和国家联盟和网络。参见http://pambazuka.org。

[2]有八个千年发展目标。参见https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals。

[3]“议定书”一词是指对条约的补充。它可以涉及与原始条约相关的任何主题,用于进一步解决条约中的某些问题,解决新的或正在发生的问题,或者为条约的实施和执行增加程序。