Words and Expressions

reduce v.～（sth to sth）change sth to a more general or basic form将某事物概括或简化成某种形式

essence n.［U］that which makes a thing what it is；most important or indispensable quality of sth本质；精髓；要素

negotiation n.discussion aimed at reaching an agreement商议；谈判

verbal adj.of or in words词语的；言语的；文字的；用言语的；用文字的；spoken，not written口头的

critical adj.of or at a crisis；decisive；crucial危机中的；危急时刻的；决定性的；关键的

resolve v.～（on/upon/against sth/doing sth）decide firmly；determine决定；决心；solve or settle（problems，doubts，etc）解决（问题、疑问等）

conflict n.（fig比喻）serious disagreement；argument；controversy冲突；争执；争论；论战；（of opinions，desires，etc）opposition；difference；clash（意见、欲望等）不合，分歧，抵触

detrimental adj.harmful，adverse，disadvantageous不利的；有害的

outcome n.（usu.sing）effect or result（of an event，circumstances，etc）结果；效果

evidence n.［U］～（to do sth/that…）（esp.law）information that gives a reason for believing sth or proves sth根据；证据；证词

perception n.［U］ability to see，hear or understand感知能力；认识能力；［C］～（that…）way of seeing or understanding sth看法；理解

category n.class or group of things in a complete system of grouping种类；类别；范畴

offer n.［C］～（for sth）amount offered提供考虑的数量；出价

counteroffer n.an offer made by someone who has rejected a prior offer反要约；买方还价

motive n.～（for sth）that which causes sb to act in a particular way；reason动机；原因

convey v.～（sth）（to sb）make（ideas，feelings，etc）known to another person表达或传达（思想、感情等）

definite adj.clear；not doubtful清楚的；明确的；确切的；［pred作表语］～（about sth/that…）sure；certain肯定；有把握

rational adj.not foolish or absurd；sensible；reasonable出于理性的；理智的；明事理的；讲道理的

in accordance with（prep phr.）in line with；in conformity to依照，按照，依据，根据；与……一致

in good measure adv.fully，sufficiently充分地；分量足

underlying adj.in the nature of something though not readily apparent；implicit潜 在的；隐含的

assumption n.［C］thing accepted as true or as sure to happen，but not proved假定；假设；设想

internal adj.of or on the inside内部的；在内部的

external adj.coming from outside（a place，sb's mind，etc）来自（某地、某人思想意识等）外部的

reciprocity n.［U］principle or practice of mutual exchange，esp.of making concessions or granting privileges，etc in return for concessions or privileges re-ceived相互交换的原则或实践；（尤指）互相让步或互惠

norm n.standard or pattern that is typical（of a group，etc）标准；规范

constituency n.group of people with the same interests that one can turn to for support（一批有共同利益的）支持者，拥护者，追随者

subject adj.1.［pred作表语］～（to sth/sb）obliged to obey sth/sb；under the authority of sth/sb须服从某事物［某人］；受某事物［某人］支配；2.［pred作表语］～（to sth）depending on sth as a condition以某事物为条件；取决于某事物

constraint n.［C］～（on sth）thing that limits or restricts限制性或约束性的事物

revise n.re-examine（sth），esp.in order to correct or improve it复查（某事物）；（尤指）复核，校订，修正

parameter n.1.（mathematics数）quantity that does not vary in a particular case but does vary in other cases参量；参数；2.（usu.pl）limiting factor or characteristic；limit（限定性的）因素，特性；界限

sufficient adj.～（for sth/sb）enough足够的；充足的

counterpart n.person or thing that corresponds to or has the same function as sb or sth else相对应或具有相同功能的人或物

hasten v.move or act with speed；hurry急忙；赶快

subtly adv.in a subtle manner；tenuously；skillfully精细地；巧妙地；敏锐地

alienate v.～（sb）（from sb/sth）cause sb to become unfriendly or indifferent；estrange sb使某人疏远或冷淡；离间某人

imposing adj.stately；impressive in appearance；used of a person's appearance or behavior；befitting an eminent person（建筑物等）壮观的；威风的；（仪表）堂堂的；给人深刻印象的

condescending adj.（used of behavior or attitude）characteristic of those who treat others with condescension；modest；unassuming谦逊的；故意屈尊的；有优越感的

construe v.～（sth）（as sth）（fml文）explain the meaning of（words，sentences，actions，etc）；interpret sth解释（词语、句子、行为等）的意义；理解

evaluation n.act of ascertaining or fixing the value or worth of；an appraisal of the value of something；rating评价；评估；估价；求值

cautious adj.～（about/of sb/sth）showing or having caution；careful小心的；谨慎的；细心的

reaction n.～（to sb/sth）response to a situation，an act，an influence，etc（对情况、行动、影响等作出的）反应，回应

justify v.show that（sb/sth）is right，reasonable or just表明或证明（某人［某事］）是正当的、有理的或公正的

mitigate v.（fml）make（sth）less severe，violent or painful；moderate使（某事物）减轻，和缓；节制

exonerate v.［esp.passive］～sb（from sth）declare sb free from blame宣布某人无罪过

alleviate v.make（sth）less severe；ease减轻；缓和

adopt n.take over and have or use（sth）as one's own采纳；采取；采用

trivial adj.（often derog常作贬义）that has little importance不重要的；琐碎的

rapport n.［U，sing］～（with sb/between A and B）sympathetic and harmonious relationship融洽和谐的关系

intensify v.increase in extent or intensity；make more intense，stronger，or more marked增强，强化；（使）变激烈

hostility n.［U］～（to/towards sb/sth）being hostile（to sb/sth）；antagonism；enmity敌对；对抗；敌意opposition；rejection反对；hostilities［pl］acts of war；fighting战争行动；战斗

overtake v.come level with and pass（esp.a moving person or vehicle）追上，超越（尤指运动着的人或车）

explicitly adv.precisely and clearly明确地；明白地

counterproductive adj.tending to hinder the achievement of a goal反生产的；使达不到预期目标的

seek v.attempt（to do sth）；try设法（做某事）；试图

urge n.strong desire or impulse强烈的欲望或冲动

reciprocate v.（fml）（a）give and receive（sth）in return；exchange（sth）mutually互给（某物）；互换（某物）；return（sth done，given or felt）回报以（某种动作、物品或感情）

forge ahead v.continue with sth and make a lot of progress with it；proceed with继 续推进

go/turn sour v.become unfavourable or unpleasant；turn out badly变得令人不愉快；变坏；变糟

substantive adj.（fml）genuine or actual；real真的；真实的；实在的；实际的