参考文献

[1]Schumaier A,Grawe B.Proximal humerus fractures: evaluation and management in the elderly patient[J].Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil,2018,9: 2151458517750516.

[2]Murray I R,Amin A K,White T O,et al.Proximal humeral fractures: current concepts in classification,treatment and outcomes[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br,2011,93(1): 1—11.

[3]Meinberg E G,Agel J,Roberts C S,et al.Fracture and dislocation classification compendium-2018[J].J Orthop Trauma,2018,32 (Suppl 1): S11—S14.

[4]Bergdahl C,Wennergren D,Ekelund J,et al.Mortality after a proximal humeral fracture[J].Bone Joint J,2020,102—B(11): 1484—1490.

[5]Frank F A,Niehaus R,Borbas P,et al.Risk factors for secondary displacement in conservatively treated proximal humeral fractures[J].Bone Joint J,2020,102—B(7): 881—889.

[6]Rangan A,Handoll H,Brealey S,et al.PROFHER Trial Collaborators.Surgical vs.nonsurgical treatment of adults with displaced fractures of the proximal humerus: the PROFHER randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA,2015,313(10): 1037—1047.

[7]Howard L,Berdusco R,Momoli F,et al.Open reduction internal fixation vs non-operative management in proximal humerus fractures: a prospective,randomized controlled trial protocol[J].BMC Musculoskelet Disord,2018,19(1): 299.

[8]Fraser A N,Bjørdal J,Wagle T M,et al.Reverse shoulder arthroplasty is superior to plate fixation at 2 years for displaced proximal humeral fractures in the elderly: a multicenter randomized controlled trial[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,2020,102(6): 477—485.

[9]Tian X,Xiang M,Wang G,et al.Treatment of complex proximal humeral fractures in the elderly with reverse shoulder arthroplasty[J].Orthop Surg,2020,12(5): 1372—1379.

[10]Dilisio M F,Nowinski R J,Hatzidakis A M,et al.Intramedullary nailing of the proximal humerus: evolution,technique,and results[J].J Shoulder Elbow Surg,2016,25(5): e130—138.

[11]Handoll H H,Brorson S.Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2015,11: CD000434.

[12]Laux C J,Grubhofer F,Werner C M L,et al.Current concepts in locking plate fixation of proximal humerus fractures[J].J Orthop Surg Res,2017,12(1): 137.

[13]朱正国，齐红哲，常祖豪.解剖型异体腓骨髓内支撑钢板内固定术治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折疗效观察［J］.解放军医学院学报，2018，39（2）：91—94.

[14]Marongiu G,Verona M,Cardoni G,et al.Synthetic bone substitutes and mechanical devices for the augmentation of osteoporotic proximal humeral fractures: a systematic review of clinical studies[J].J Funct Biomater,2020,11(2): 29.

[15]Biermann N,Prall W C,Böcker W,et al.Augmentation of plate osteosynthesis for proximal humeral fractures:a systematic review of current biomechanical and clinical studies[J].Arch Orthop Trauma Surg,2019,139(8):1075—1099.

[16]McMillan T E,Johnstone A J.Primary screw perforation or subsequent screw cut-out following proximal humerus fracture fixation using locking plates: a review of causative factors and proposed solutions[J].Int Orthop,2018,42(8): 1935—1942.

[17]Padegimas E M,Zmistowski B,Lawrence C,et al.Defining optimal calcar screw positioning in proximal humerus fracture fixation[J].J Shoulder Elbow Surg,2017,26(11): 1931—1937.

[18]Krappinger D,Bizzotto N,Riedmann S,et al.Predicting failure after surgical fixation of proximal humerus fractures[J].Injury,2011,42(11): 1283—1388.

[19]Choi E S,Han I,Cho H S,et al.Intramedullary nailing for pathological fractures of the proximal humerus[J].Clin Orthop Surg,2016,8(4): 458—464.

[20]Lin J.Effectiveness of locked nailing for displaced three-part proximal humeral fractures[J].J Trauma,2006,61(2): 363—374.

[21]Ueda K,Ikemura S,Yamashita A,et al.Three-dimensional analyses of proximal humeral fractures using computed tomography with multiplanar reconstruction: early stability of fixation after osteosynthesis in relation to preoperative bone quality[J].Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol,2014,24(8): 1389—1394.

[22]Hessmann M H,Nijs S,Mittlmeier T,et al.Internal fixation of fractures of the proximal humerus with the MultiLoc nail[J].Oper Orthop Traumatol,2012,24(4—5): 418—431.

[23]Wong J,Newman J M,Gruson K I.Outcomes of intramedullary nailing for acute proximal humerus fractures: a systematic review[J].J Orthop Traumatol,2016,17(2): 113—122.

[24]Rugg C M,Coughlan M J,Lansdown D A.Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: biomechanics and indications[J].Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med,2019,12(4): 542—553.

[25]Shukla D R,McAnany S,Kim J,et al.Hemiarthroplasty versus reverse shoulder arthroplasty for treatment of proximal humeral fractures: a meta-analysis[J].J Shoulder Elbow Surg,2016,25(2): 330—340.

[26]Frombach A A,Brett K,Lapner P.Humeral head replacement and reverse shoulder arthroplasty for the treatment of proximal humerus fracturesm[J].Open Orthop J,2017,11: 1108—1114.

[27]Gallinet D,Clappaz P,Garbuio P,et al.Three or four parts complex proximal humerus fractures: hemiarthroplasty versus reverse prosthesis: a comparative study of 40 cases[J].Orthop Traumatol Surg Res,2009,95(1): 48—55.

[28]Patel S,Colaco H B,Elvey M E,et al.Post-traumatic osteonecrosis of the proximal humerus[J].Injury,2015,46(10): 1878—1884.