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During vehicle use the battery transforms chemical energy stored in its electrodes by an oxidation/reduction reaction into electric energy.At the time of the recharge the process is reversed.The charger imposes a higher voltage than the battery voltage and an opposite current.The current provided by the charger will be controlled with precision in order to impose charging conditions required by the battery.

This requires a certain number of measurements（voltage，current，temperature）which are interpreted by the electronics of the charger.The simplest systems are only controlled by the battery voltage:the current is kept constant as long as the battery voltage does not exceed an initial threshold.

Beyond this first threshold，the battery voltage is kept constant.After this phase，we start the balancing charge where a lower current is applied.All battery manufacturers recommend a specific charge algorithm according to the battery service operation，which should be respected to optimize the operating life of their product.

The selected charge algorithm will take account of the batteries'service requirements.Indeed，optimum management of the batteries requires a close link between the manufacturer of the battery and the integrator of the vehicle that defines the charger specifications.

New words and expressions（单词和短语）

1.New words（单词）

2.Expressions（短语）

Notes to the text（难点解析）

★1.The current provided by the charger will be controlled with precision in order to impose charging conditions required by the battery.由充电器提供的电流能够被进行精确控制，以保证满足电池所要求的充电条件。

★2.Indeed，optimum management of the batteries requires a close link between the manufacturer of the battery and the integrator of the vehicle that defines the charger specifications.在实践中，电池的优化管理就要求电池的制造商和车辆制造者紧密沟通以决定最佳的充电规范。

Exercises（练习）

◆1.Translate the following passages（expressions）into Chinese（英译汉）

（1）The charger imposes a higher voltage than the battery voltage and an opposite current.

（2）oxidation/reduction reaction

（3）electric energy

◆2.Translate the following passages（expressions）into English（汉译英）

（3）电压超出上述的预设阈值时，电池端电压将保持恒定。

◆3.Directions:Answer the following questions briefly according to the text

What is battery charging？

Reading material（阅读材料）

Charging algorithm can be defined as the combination of what was mentioned up to here and controlling all or part of the parameters affecting battery performance and life cycle in such a way to achieve battery pack charging safely，efficiently，and terminated on time.Managing the charging procedure of a high power battery pack with hundreds of cells involves many issues.To control all of these parameters，efficient and accurate algorithms with reliable safety and backup circuits are required.The trend toward fast charging with huge amounts of current flowing to the battery pack producing lots of heat requires accurate and reliable supervisory control algorithms to ensure safe charge.Managing such complex task can be handled with advanced control techniques like fuzzy logic，supervisory control，decentralized control and so on.