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We normally discuss the use of EVs for passengers and public transportation but tend to forget about their use as off-road vehicles in specialty applications，where range is not an issue.EVs have penetrated the market of off-road vehicles successfully over the years for clean air as well as for cost advantages.Examples of such applications are airport vehicles for passenger and ground support；recreational vehicles as in golf carts and for theme parks，plant operation vehicles like forklifts and loader trucks；vehicles for disabled persons；utility vehicles for ground transportation in closed but large compounds，etc.

The major impediments for mass acceptance of EVs by the general public are the limited EV range and the lack of EV infrastructure.The solution of the range problem may come from extensive researches and development efforts in batteries，fuel cells，and other alternative energy storage devices.An alternative approach is to create awareness among people on the problems of global warming and the advantages of EVs，while considering the fact that most people drive less than 50 miles a day，a requirement that can be easily met by today's technology.

The appropriate infrastructure must also be in place for EVs to become more popular.The issues related to infrastructure are as follows:

·Battery charging facilities:residential and public charging facilities and stations

·Standardization of EV plugs，cords，outlets，and safety issues

·Sales and distribution

·Service and technical support

The current initial cost of an EV is also a big disadvantage for the EV market.The replacement of the batteries，even for HEVs，is quite expensive，added to which is the limited life problem of these batteries.The cost of EVs will come down as volume goes up，but in the meantime，subsidies and incentives from the government can create momentum.

The increasing use of EVs will improve the job prospects of electrical engineers.The new jobs related to EVs will be in the following areas:

·Power electronics and motor drives:Design and development of the electrical systems of an EV

·Power generation:Increased utility demand due to EV usage

·EV infrastructure:Design and development of battery charging stations and of hydrogen generation，storage and distribution systems

New words and expressions（单词和短语）

1.New words（单词）

2.Expressions（短语）

Notes to the text（难点解析）

★1.EVs have penetrated the market of off-road vehicles successfully over the years for clean air as well as for cost advantages.电动汽车使用清洁技术，且在使用中花费小，所以近几年来，它成功地进入非道路车辆市场。

★2.The increasing use of EVs will improve the job prospects of electrical engineers.电动汽车的广泛应用会改善电子工程师的就业前景。

Exercises（练习）

◆1.Translate the following passages（expressions）into Chinese（英译汉）

（1）The appropriate infrastructure must also be in place for EVs to become more popular.

（2）But in the meantime，subsidies and incentives from the government can create momentum.

（3）The current initial cost of an EV is also a big disadvantage for the EV market.The replacement of the batteries，even for HEVs，is quite expensive，added to which is the limited life problem of these batteries.

◆2.Translate the following passages（expressions）into English（汉译英）

（1）充电设施——住宅区充电站和公共充电站

（2）电动汽车插头、软线、插座等安全问题的相关标准

◆3.Multiple choice questions（选择填空）

The new jobs related to EVs will be in the______areas.

A.design and development of the electrical systems of an EV

D.design and development of battery charging stations

◆4.Fill in the blanks with the suitable words according to the text

The solution of the range problem may come from extensive researches and development efforts in______，______，and other alternative energy storage devices.An alternative approach is to create awareness among people on the problems of______and the______of EVs，while considering the fact that most people drive less than 50 miles a day，a requirement that can be easily met by______.

◆5.Directions:Answer the following questions briefly according to the text

（1）How to solve the range problem of EV？

（2）What are the appropriate infrastructure must also be in place for EVs？

Reading material（阅读材料）

Unfortunately，the EV market collapsed in the late 1990s.What caused the EV industry to fail？The reasons were mixed，depending on how one looks at it，but the followings were the main contributors to the collapse of EVs in the 1990s:

Limitations of EVs:These concerned the limited range（most EVs provided 60-100 miles，compared to 300 or more miles from gasoline-powered vehicles）；long charging time（eight or more hours）；high cost（40% more expensive than gasoline cars）；and limited cargo space in many of the EVs available.

Cheap gasoline:The operating cost（fuel cost）of cars is insignificant in comparison to the investment that an EV owner makes in buying an EV.

Consumers:Consumers believed that large sports utility vehicles（SUVs）and pickup trucks were safer to drive and convenient for many other functions，such as towing.Therefore，consumers preferred large SUVs instead of smaller efficient vehicles（partly due to the low gasoline prices）.

Car companies:Automobile manufacturers spent billions of dollars in researches，development，and deployment of EVs，but the market did not respond very well.They were losing money in selling EVs at that time.Maintenance and servicing of EVs were additional burdens on the car dealerships.Liability was a major concern，though there was no evidence that EVs were less safe than gasoline vehicles.

Gas companies:EVs were seen as a threat to gas companies and the oil industry.Lobbying by the car and gasoline companies of the federal government and the California government to drop the mandate was one of the key factors leading to the disappearance of EVs in the 1990s.

Government:The CARB switched at the last minute from a mandate for EVs to hydrogen vehicles.

Battery technology:Lead acid batteries were used in most EVs in the 1990s.The batteries were large and heavy，and needed a long time to charge.