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In the 1980s and the 1990s，there were tremendous developments of high-power，highfrequency semiconductor switches，along with the microprocessor revolution，which led to improved power converter design to drive the electric motors efficiently.Also in this period，factors contributed to the development of magnetic bearings used in flywheel energy storage systems，although these are not utilized in mainstream EV development projects.

In the last 2 decades，legislative mandates pushed the cause for zero-emission vehicles.Legislation passed by the California Air Resources Board in 1990 stated that by 1998，2% of vehicles should be zero-emission vehicles（ZEV）for each automotive company selling more than 35，000 vehicles.The percentages were to increase to 5% by 2001 and to 10% by 2003.The legislation provided a tremendous impetus to develop EVs by the major automotive manufacturers.The legislation was relaxed somewhat later due to practical limitations and the inability of the manufacturers to meet the 1998 and 2001 requirements.The mandate now stands that 4% of all vehicles sold should be ZEV by 2003，and an additional 6% of the sales must be made up of ZEVs and partial ZEVs，which would require GM to sell about 14，000 EVs in California.

Motivated by the pollution concern and potential energy crisis，government agencies，federal laboratories，and the major automotive manufacturers launched a number of initiatives to push for ZEVs.The partnership for next-generation vehicles（PNGV）is such an initiative（established in 1993），which is a partnership of federal laboratories and automotive industries to promote and develop electric and hybrid electric vehicles.The most recent initiative by the DOE and the automotive industries is the Freedom CAR initiative.

The trends in EV developments in recent years can be attributed to the followings:

·High level of activity exists at the major automotive manufacturers.

·New independent manufacturers bring vigor.

·New prototypes are even better.

·High levels of activity overseas exist.

·There are high levels of hybrid vehicle activity.

·A boom in individual ICEV to EV conversions is ongoing.

The case studies of one GM EVs of the 1990s are given below:

a.Commercially available electric vehicle made by GM in 1995.

b.Leased in California and Arizona for a total cost of about＄30，000.

c.System and characteristics:

i.Motor:one，three-phase induction motors

ii.Battery pack:lead-acid batteries

iii.Motor drive:DC-to-AC inverter using IGBTs

v.Range:90 miles on highway，70 miles in city

vi.Acceleration:0 to 60 miles in 8.5 s

vii.Power consumption:30（kW·h）/（100 miles）in city，25（kW·h）/（100 miles）on highway

This vehicle was used as a test bed for mass production of EVs.

New words and expressions（单词和短语）

1.New words（单词）

2.Expressions（短语）

Notes to the text（难点解析）

★1.The mandate now stands that 4% of all vehicles sold should be ZEV by 2003.要求到2003年，4%为零排放车辆。

★2.A boom in individual ICEV to EV conversions is ongoing.私营企业和小型企业也开始从生产内燃机汽车转变到生产电动汽车。

Exercises（练习）

◆1.Translate the following passages（expressions）into Chinese（英译汉）

（1）zero-emission vehicles

（2）three-phase induction motor

（3）Motivated by the pollution concern and potential energy crisis，government agencies，federal laboratories，and the major automotive manufacturers launched a number of initiatives to push for ZEVs.

◆2.Translate the following passages（expressions）into English（汉译英）

（1）大型汽车制造商开发热情高涨。

（2）新成立的制造商为电动汽车的发展带来活力。

（3）新标准更适合其发展。

（4）私营企业和小型企业也开始从生产内燃机汽车转变到生产电动汽车。

◆3.Fill in the blanks with the suitable words according to the text

In the 1980s and the 1990s，there were tremendous developments of______，highfrequency______，along with the microprocessor revolution，which led to improved power converter design to drive the electric motors______.

Reading material（阅读材料）

GM Impact 3（1993 completed）:

a.Based on 1990 Impact displayed at the Los Angeles auto show

b.Two-passenger，two-door coupe，street legal and safe

c.Initially，12 built for testing；50 built by 1995 to be evaluated by 1，000 potential customers

d.System and characteristics:

i.Motor:one，three-phase induction motors；137 hp；12，000 r/m

ii.Battery pack:lead-acid（26），12 V batteries connected in series（312 V），869 lb

iii.Motor drive:DC-to-AC inverter using insulated gate bipolar transistors（IGBTs）