一、多项选择题
选择题是英语考试中一种常见的题型。Task 1和Task 2都是选择题,是传统的四选一的客观题,共10道题,占总分的20%。该类题型的提问方式多种多样,涉及对文章内容多个方面的理解,既有文章大意的理解,又有细节内容的把握,还有观点态度的判断等。针对不同的考查点,应用不同的解题策略。要回答好这些类型的题目应从以下几个方面入手:
1.主旨大意题
主旨大意题主要考查对全文的主旨或某一段落大意的理解和归纳能力。这类题目主要检测考生是否在阅读过程中忽视了文章的整体性。这种题目最能考查考生是否真的看懂了所阅读的文章。
有些文章中,主旨句一般位于段落或篇章的开头部分,开头就明确主题,然后展开讨论;有些文章中,主旨句则出现在段落末尾或篇章末尾,作为由具体事实引出的一般结论。做这种题目要用跳读技巧,文章中间的细节内容跳过,关键在于仔细阅读文章的第一段和最后一段的内容,要认真阅读文章的第一段的起始句和最后一句,再到最后一段去找出与之相呼应的句子,这样一般就能找出文章的中心大意。
2.事实细节题
事实细节题是阅读理解中最容易出现的一种题型,考查考生对文章全文是否能够彻底地理解。A级考试中的事实细节题相对比较简单,考查内容主要包括文章中所涉及的事件、地点、背景、人物、特征、起因、后果、方式、条件、关系等。
做这类题时,首先应当大致了解每段的内容,然后直接阅读试题题干,找出每道题目中的中心词,根据中心词在原文中迅速定位考点出处。最后,通过仔细阅读原文中的相关内容,确定答案。这类题的答案有一个明显的特点,那就是答案往往是对原文的信息转换,即答案只是将原文个别词用其同义词替换,或换了一种句式。考生做题时要特别注意这一点。
3.观点态度题
了解作者的观点和态度是阅读理解的另一个考核点。这类题型要求考生从一篇看似客观的描述或议论性质的文章中把作者隐藏的情绪、态度以及立场挖掘出来。这种题目难度较大,不光要求考生看懂文章,而且要体会语言的深层含义。
做这种题目时,要注意理解作者在描述某个事实时所使用的修饰语,因为这类词最能反映出作者在进行写作时的心态以及他深藏在语言文字背后的对待某一事件或某一现象的立场。从词汇表意功能的角度分析,这类修饰语多数都是一些带有感情色彩的形容词。因此,要记住观点态度题的解题要诀——形容词表态度。
4.逻辑推理题
逻辑推理题也是阅读的常规题型,这种题型要求考生通过阅读文章,根据已知信息进行推理和判断,从而考查考生对文章深层含义的理解力和领悟力。这实际上是考查考生归纳分析的能力。
考生在做这类问题时要注意分析上下文的逻辑关系,注意表示条件、因果、让步等关系的词,根据这些关键词进行推理、判断,从而了解这些词所在句子或句群的深刻含义。做题时要注意,4个选项中凡是和原文中的说法相同的一般来说都是错误选项;4个选项中讲得太具体的也往往是错误选项。
5.词汇释义题
该类题型主要考查考生根据上下文能够正确理解词、短语或句子的能力。一般来说,单词和词组的意义总是受特定的上下文限制,这就要求考生具有一定的根据上下文猜单词或短语意思的能力。
做这类题时,考生要注意提问的词或短语的意义通常是超出大纲要求掌握的词,要想理解它在文中的具体含义,必须根据这个词或短语在文章中出现的位置,将前后左右的句子联系起来分析,一般能在附近句子中找到一些提示,比如:同义词、反义词、解释、定义、例子、列举等,然后根据这些提示正确判断词或短语的意思。
【典型考题分析】
典型考题1
Directions:After reading the following passage,you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements.For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D.You should make the correct choice.
It would be difficult to have a society like ours without public goods such as defense,transportation,and other services.
A public good is one that a person can use without reducing the use of it for another person.One of the best examples of a public good is national defense.One person can benefit from our national defense without reducing another person's benefits.In fact,it is difficult to keep any person in our society from enjoying the benefits of national defense.
The market system does not work well in producing public goods.This is because a person who refuses to pay for a public good cannot be kept from using it.Suppose that the neighbors in a high crime area decide to hire a police force.Each neighbor,except Mrs.Smith,agrees to pay$100 a year for it.Mrs.Smith refuses to pay because she knows that if all the others pay the$100,the police will guard the area anyway.So Mrs.Smith can enjoy the services of the police force without paying$100.
The market system has no way to deal with this type of problem.For this reason,we cannot ask each person to make a direct payment in the form of product price.Therefore,we collect money for public goods by using taxes.
1.According to the passage,public goods are________.
A.services enjoyed by all people
B.what we can buy and sell in public
C.products that we make for national defense
D.taxes paid by the people involved
2.The writer gives the example of national defense in Paragraph 2 in order to show that________.
A.there will be no safety if there is no national defense
B.all the people should be responsible for national defense
C.a public good is a shared benefit for the whole society
D.some public goods are more important than others
3.The person who does not pay for a public good________.
A.keeps himself from using its benefit
B.cannot enjoy its benefit at any time
C.fails to keep its benefit from being used
D.enjoys its benefit all the same
4.In the third paragraph the author explains________.
A.what role the market system plays in producing public goods
B.how weak the market system is in producing public goods
C.why some people refuse to pay for public goods
D.what we can do to make use of the market system
5.From the passage we learn that the purpose of collectingtaxes is to________.
A.ensure the continuous supply of public goods
B.reduce the difference between the rich and the poor
C.get extra money to support public goods
D.remind people of their duty
本文介绍了国家为什么通过税收来维护公共利益。一个社会的存在离不开诸如国防、交通等公共利益。公共利益就是个人享受利益时不会对他人造成损失的利益。但是,市场体系在产生公共利益时却不能发挥很大的作用。那些不愿意出钱维护公共利益的人也同样能够享受它,因此,为了处理这个问题,国家采取征集税收的形式来维护公共利益。
1.【答案】A
【解析】事实细节题。本题主要考查对public goods的理解,第2段对此给出了定义:A public good is one that a person can use without reducing the use of it for another person(公共利益就是个人享受时不会使其他人的享用权利受损)。选项A“所有人能够享受的服务”是对文章定义的正确解释,故选A。选项B“我们能够公开买卖的东西”,这是对public goods简单地进行字面意思的猜测,没有理解文章的内容;选项C“为国防生产的产品”,文章开头部分和第2段是提到了国防,但是国防只是公共利益中的一种,还有其他的形式,因此本选项是以偏概全;选项D“有关人交纳的税收”,文章末尾提到的交纳税收只是为了保障公共利益,与公共利益不是对等的关系。
2.【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。第2段首先介绍了什么是公共利益,然后举了国防的例子,可见该例子是作为例证来阐述主题句的内容的。再结合第1题对第2段第1句的解释可知选项C“公共利益是全社会分享的利益”符合题意。选项A“没有国防就没有安全”是主观臆断,第2段没有提到这点内容;选项B“所有的人都应当对国防负责”也和第2段的内容没有关系;选项D“某些公共利益比其他公共利益更重要”,文章第2段并没有将国防和其他公共利益进行比较。
3.【答案】D
【解析】事实细节题。第3段提到市场体系在产生公共利益方面不能发挥很好的作用,然后解释其原因“This is because a person who refuses to pay for a public good cannot be kept from using it”(这是因为我们并不能阻止拒绝出钱维护公共利益的人享用它)。由此可推断,有些人不出钱但仍然可以享受到公共利益,D符合文意。选项A“使自己不能享受公共利益”和选项B“任何时候都不能享受公共利益”都与文章的内容相抵触;选项C“不能阻止别人使用公共利益”是对原句结构的误解。
4.【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。第3段的主题句是第1句话“The market system does not work well in producing public goods”(市场体系在产生公共利益时不能发挥很大的作用),B是对该句的同义转述,故正确。选项A“市场体系在产生公共利益时所发挥的作用”与第3段第1句所说不一致;选项C“为什么人们拒绝出钱维护公共利益”是第3段所叙述的一个事实,目的还是说明市场体系发挥不了很大的作用;选项D“我们怎样做来利用市场体系”在第3段中并没有阐述。
5.【答案】A
【解析】事实细节题。根据最后一段的阐述,“我们不能要求人们以产品价格的形式直接支付公共利益,因而通过征税的方式来为公共利益筹集资金”,可判断选项A“确保公共利益的长期供给”是正确答案。选项B“减少贫富之间的差距”是征税的一个作用,但是在文中并未提及;选项C“获得额外的钱来支持公共利益”是对文章的错误理解;选项D“提醒人们他们的责任”文中也未提及。
典型考题2
Directions:After reading the following passage,you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements.For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D.You should make the correct choice.
“But I just paid$1.69 for this bottle of wine last week.How come the price is now$2.25?What's going on?”
There are at least three things going on that have caused the price of wine to rise.All have to do with the supply and demand factors of economics.
The first factor is that people are drinking more wine than ever before.This demand for more wine has increased overall wine sales in America at the rate of 15 percent a year.
The second factor is that the supply of wine has stayed relatively the same,which means that the same number of bottles is produced each year.Wine producers are trying to open up new land to grow more grapes.But in at least three wine-producing areas of the world—France,Germany,and California—new vineyards(葡萄园)will not be available in the near future.Wines are produced in other countries,such as Italy,Spain and Australia,but none of these countries will be able to fill the demand for good wines.
The third factor is that costs of wine productions are increasing.The men who make wine are asking for more money,and the machinery needed to press the grapes is becoming more expensive.
When the demand for something is greater than the supply,prices go up.When production costs,meaning the prices of labor and machinery rise,the producer adds this increase to the price of the wine.
1.From the first paragraph,we know that the speaker is________.
A.asking about the price
B.worrying about the price
C.bargaining over the price
D.complaining about the price
2.The three factors mentioned in the passage cause________.
A.the sales of wine to increase
B.the price of wine to go up
C.the production of wine to decrease
D.more and more people to drink wine
3.The supply of wine has remained the same partlybecause________.
A.wine-producing countries are unwilling to increase their production
B.new vineyards will not be opened up in such countries as Australia
C.countries like Italy and Spain can't supply enough good wines
D.the production of wine bottles has ceased to increase
4.What does“production costs”refer to in the last paragraph?
A.The price of grapes and machines.
B.The cost of land and transportation.
C.The price of wine and wine bottles.
D.The cost of the manpower and equipment.
5.The author's purpose of writing this passage is to________.
A.persuade people to drink less wine
B.tell people where to get the best wine
C.explain why the price of wine is rising
D.show that wine is popular with Americans
本文介绍了葡萄酒涨价的原因。文章谈到葡萄酒涨价的原因主要有3个:第一是喝葡萄酒的人比以前增加了;第二是葡萄酒的产量每年都是差不多的,无法满足市场的需求;第三个原因是葡萄酒的生产成本增加了。
1.【答案】D
【解析】逻辑推理题。文章第1段引述了一位顾客的话:“上周买这瓶葡萄酒花了1.69美元,现在的价格却为何涨到了2.25美元?这到底是怎么回事?”从中我们可以看出顾客是在抱怨葡萄酒的价格又上涨了。因此,正确答案是D。选项A“询问价格”,选项B“担心价格”,选项C“讨价还价”都没有正确理解句子的意思,文中引述那位顾客的话就是为了说明顾客抱怨葡萄酒价格上涨,对此非常不理解。
2.【答案】B
【解析】事实细节题。文章在介绍3个原因之前在第2段就提到了“There are at least three things going on that have caused the price of wine to rise”(至少有3件事情致使葡萄酒的价格上涨),可见文中提到的3个原因都是解释酒价上涨的,故选B。选项A“葡萄酒销量上涨”和选项D“越来越多的人喝葡萄酒”是导致葡萄酒价格上涨的原因之一,属于the three factors,而不是结果;选项C“葡萄酒产量下降”与第4段第1句所提到的“每年产量相对一样”不符。
3.【答案】C
【解析】事实细节题。文章第4段提到了为什么全球葡萄酒的供应量基本相同:一是因为在法国、德国和加州新建的葡萄园还不能提供葡萄;二是原来的葡萄生产地——意大利、西班牙和澳大利亚不能满足对优质葡萄酒的需求。因此,正确答案是C。选项A“葡萄生产国不愿意提高生产”,文章第4段并没有提到这个信息,应当排除;选项B“像澳大利亚这样的国家不会开发新的葡萄园”,文章中没有提到;选项D“葡萄酒瓶的产量没有增加”是对第4段第1句中“the same number of bottles is produced”的误解,这里的bottles指代的是一瓶瓶的葡萄酒,而不是实指酒瓶。
4.【答案】D
【解析】词汇释义题。文章最后一段提到production costs时,用了一个状语部分来解释:meaning the prices of labor and machinery(指的是劳动力和机器的费用),因此正确答案为D“劳动力和设备的开支”。选项A“葡萄和机器的价格”,而文中并没有提到葡萄的价格;选项B“土地和运输的花费”,文章也未提及;选项C“葡萄酒和酒瓶的价格”,而葡萄酒价格实际是生产成本上涨导致的结果,酒瓶的价格文中则未提及。
5.【答案】C
【解析】观点态度题。文章前两段提出问题,三、四、五段分别分析了问题——葡萄酒价格为什么上涨,从而可判断作者写这篇文章的目的,正确答案为C。选项A“劝人们少喝葡萄酒”,选项B“告诉人们哪里可以得到最好的葡萄酒”,选项D“揭示葡萄酒在美国很受欢迎”,这3个选项显然没有把握文章的主要内容,与文章的主体内容无关,应当排除。