三、短文理解

短文理解和长对话的考查方式十分相似，因而在解题技巧方面也是十分相似的，考生在复习时可以结合前面学过的长对话技巧，学习如何在听音前预览和分析选项，预测短文主题或问题内容，把握听音重点。

1.利用重复词语推测短文主题

根据各题选项中出现的相同或相关词语大致推测短文的主题，从而在听音时更容易、更准确地理解短文内容。

【例】[2014-12（1）-Passage Three]

【预览选项】

22.A）They are highly sensitive to cold.

B）They are a living part of our body.

C）They are a chief source of our pain.

D）They are vitally important to our life.

23.A）It has to be removed in time by a dentist.

B）It contains many nerves and blood vessels.

C）It is a sticky and colorless film on the teeth.

D）It is a rare oral disease among old people.

24.A）It makes their nerves and blood vessels more sensitive to acid food.

B）It greatly reduces their resistance to the attacks of bacteria.

C）It combines with food particles to form a film on their surface.

D）It can change into acids causing damage to their outer covering.

25.A）Gum disease.

B）Unhealthy living habits.

C）Food particles.

D）Chemical erosion.

【预测信息】

本短文第23、24题选项中重复出现的nerves and blood vessels以及其他选项中的cold，body，dentist，teeth，bacteria，disease和living habits表明，短文主题可能与人体健康有关，可能涉及如何保护血管或牙齿。

【听音验证】

Take care of your teeth and your teeth will take care of you.[22]Your teeth are a living part of your body.They have nerves and blood vessels.Diseased teeth can cause pain，die and fall out.Plaque is the main enemy of healthy teeth.[23]Everyone has plaque.It is a sticky，colorless film that coats the teeth.Plaque is always forming on the teeth， especially at the gum line.If plaque is not removed，it builds up and gets under the gum line.Plaque that is left on the teeth for some time hardens.The result is tooth decay and gum disease.[24]The bacteria in plaque live on sugar. They change sugar into acids，which break down the tooth’s harder outer covering.If left untreated，decay goes deeper and deeper into the tooth.After a while，the decay reaches the nerves and blood vessels of the inner tooth. By the time this happens，the tooth has probably started to ache.[25]In addition to tooth decay，there’re also gum diseases to watch out for.The bacteria and plaque make poisons that attack the gums.Small pockets form around the teeth.The pockets trap more bacteria and food particles.Finally，the bone supporting the teeth is attacked and starts to shrink.Teeth become loose and may fall out. [25]Adults lose most teeth this way.Keep your mouth healthy.When you brush your teeth，do a good job.

【答案解析】

22.What does the speaker say about our teeth？

B）选项均为描述they的句子，结合其中的sensitive，living part of our body，chief source of our pain，important to our life和第23题选项中的dentist，teeth以及oral disease可知，they指的很可能是牙齿。本题可能考查they（牙齿）的功能或作用。短文开头提到，牙齿是人体中有生命的一部分，故答案为B）。

23.What does the speaker say about plaque？

C）选项均为描述it的句子，结合其中的be removed… by a dentist，contains…nerves and blood vessels，on the teeth和oral disease可知，本题可能考查it的含义。短文中提到，每个人都有牙菌斑。它是包裹在牙齿上的一层有黏性的无色薄膜，故答案为C）。

24.Why is sugar harmful to teeth？

D）选项均为描述it的句子，结合其中的动词makes，reduces和combines，尤其是D）中的can change可知，本题可能考查it的功能。短文中提到，细菌依靠糖分生存，它们将糖分转化为酸，从而破坏牙齿外部坚硬的覆盖物，故答案为D）。

25.What causes adults to lose most of their teeth according to the speaker？

A）选项均为名词短语，且含义各不相同。结合其中的disease，living habits，particles和erosion可知，本题可能考查原因。短文中提到，除蛀牙外，我们还需注意牙龈疾病……成年人的大部分牙齿就是这样掉的，故答案为A）。

2.利用选项特点推测问题内容

很多选项都有比较明显的特点，或使用某种特殊的表达方式，如均表示人物角色或均表示地点场所；或含有某些标志性的词，如均含有should（很可能针对建议提问）或均含有描述人物性格的词。利用这些选项特点和选项内容，便可以推测出问题可能考查的核心内容，从而确定听音时应该重点关注哪些内容。

【例】[2014-12-（1）-Passage One]

【预览选项】

16.A）Waving one’s hand.

B）Nodding one’s head.

C）Holding up the forefinger.

D）Turning the right thumb down.

【预测信息】

选项均以动名词开头，结合其中的waving…hand，nodding…head，holding up…forefinger和turing… thumb down可知，本题可能考查动作的含义或使用的场合。对选项中的动作做笔记并与录音中的信息对号入座是解题的关键。

【听音验证】

Body language，especially gestures，varies among cultures.For example，a nod of the head means“yes”to most of us.[16]But in Bulgaria and Greece a nod means “no”and a shake of the head means“yes”.Likewise，a sign for“OK”，forming a circle with our forefinger and thumb，means zero in France and money in Japan…

【答案解析】

16.What gesture do Bulgarians and Greeks use to express negative responses？

B）短文中提到，但是在保加利亚和希腊，点头代表“不是”，故答案为B）。

3.通过提取选项要点确定听音重点

各选项中所涉及的要点内容往往也是与问题及答案关系比较密切的内容。因此，听音前预览选项时，考生应该提取各个选项的要点内容，将其缩减成一两个单词，在听音时重点留意并记录与其相关的信息。听音时只要将选项中所涉及的要点内容全部抓住，那么试题的答案也就比较容易确定。

【例】[2014-12（2）-Passage Three]

【预览选项】

24.A）The fast development of its neighboringcountries.

B）The increasing investment by developedcountries.

C）The building of roads connecting it with neighboring countries.

D）The establishing of diplomatic relations with France and Spain.

【预测信息】

选项均为名词短语，结合其中重复出现的neighboring countries以及developed countries，fast development，increasing investment，building of和establishing of可知，本题可能考查使某国发生变化的事件或原因，且该事件或原因可能与邻国或发达国家有关。由于各选项较长，可以将每个选项提炼如下：A）fast development，B）increasing investment，C）building roads，D）establishing relations。

【听音验证】

…

Most Andorrans worked as farmers.Things did not change quickly.[24]When roads were built from France and Spain to Andorra in the 1930s，life picked up speed. Tourists began to visit this small country.

…

【答案解析】

24.What event changed the situation in Andorra？

C）短文中提到，到了20世纪30年代，从法国和西班牙到安道尔的公路得以修建，生活节奏加快。短文随后描述了安道尔发生的一系列变化。结合短文开头所讲的安道尔位于法国和西班牙之间的高山上，由此可知，是连接安道尔和邻国的道路的修建改变了它的状况。