一、长短句变换

长句适合表达复杂的思想、解释观点或理论、描写细致的事物；短句适合陈述重要的事实或想法。长句使文章富有气势，却容易产生语法错误或造成理解障碍；短句的堆砌容易让人感觉语言技巧不成熟。因此在实际写作中要注意长短句的交错使用。

1.短句变长句

受汉语思维习惯影响，很多考生往往会直接将脑子里的构思译成英语，而忽略句与句之间的联系，导致写出来

的句子无法体现英语作为“形合语言”的特点。因此，考生在平时写作时要注意前后句之间是否存在联系。

例1 Usually，a fact is defined as a truth.The truth can be tested by observation or experimentation.

优化 Usually，a fact is defined as a truth，something that can be tested by observation or experimentation.

分析 原文中后一句是用来说明前一句中的“a truth”，明显从属于前一句。因此可将两句合二为一，把后一句改写成由that引导的定语从句，与前一句合并成一个主从复合句，这样句子结构就变得更加紧凑，句意表达也更加清楚。

例2 Teenagers are pressured by school work.They are also encouraged by their peers.Under such circumstances，they resort to smoking.But sometimes they feel a little guilty.

优化 Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers，teenagers resort to smoking，though they feel a little guilty sometimes.

分析 原文中包含四个短句，语义表达不够清晰、连贯。因此将前两个短句改写成由and连接的两个并列的分词短语，充当句子的状语，同时将后两句合并成一个含有though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句，这样句子结构就变得十分完整，句意也非常连贯。

2.长句变短句

长句固然能表达出复杂而缜密的思想，但如果片面追求复杂句式，反而会显得华而不实，成为累赘的表达。句子的长短应根据表达的需要而定，有话则长，无话则短。短句不仅指句子长度较短，也指句子内部结构精炼。简洁是写作的一个重要原则，用词累赘则是写作的大忌。学会使用非谓语动词短语是将复杂冗长的长句转换成简洁精练的短句的一个有效方法。

例1 In 1836，there arose the working-class movement which is known as Chartism，which was the first proletarian revolutionary movement.

优化 In 1836，there arose the working-class movement known as Chartism，which was the first proletarian revolutionary movement.

分析 原句中的第一个定语从句改为过去分词短语，做定语，使句子结构更加紧凑，句意表达更加简洁。

例2 A basic reason why people go to divorce is that some people are not really ready for marriage，perhaps because they are still establishing themselves in their careers and haven’t had enough time to get to know themselves and many members of the opposite sex，but family pressures make them feel that something is wrong with them since they are not married，and so they marry in haste without knowing each other well.

优化 A basic reason for divorce is that some people are not really ready for marriage.As they are still establishing themselves in their careers，they haven’t had enough time to get to know themselves and many members of the opposite sex.However，family pressures make them feel that something is wrong with them since they are not married.So they marry in haste without knowing each other well.

分析 原文是一个长句，冗长而复杂，在一个意群结束时没有适当断句，勉强用连词接上，导致句子缺乏层次感，语义表达模糊。优化后的段落合理搭配长短句，恰当运用衔接词，整个段落层次分明、语义清晰。